Buchan, Kelly » 2022-23 School Year

2022-23 School Year

Welcome Mustangs!

This is my nineteenth year as a social studies teacher and year fourteen as a Mustang. Previously, I spent five great years at Bernardo Yorba Middle School.

This year I will be teaching world and AP European history. Also, I will be the coach of our Academic Decathlon team.

Parents AND Students! Please sign up for my text service through Remind.com I will send texts with historical information that can be beneficial. See website for information. Additionally, all students need to sign up for google classroom. I'll post many things w/in it that you will be responsible for. Glad to have you and I'm very excited to be with you for the year!
 
Be sure that you monitor google classroom.  
 
El Dorado High School 1997
UCSB 2001


 

Posts

Chapter9A (2)

I'm attaching TWO files for you to read. CHapter 9a and Chapter 9b. You need to read BOTH in preparation for the exam, 650 AM on Tuesday April 10th. Give yourself time to read it and analyze the content. This class is not about how much you can memorize but how much you can connect broad themes together. Do your best! If you're waiting til the night before the exam to do the reading, you'll know you are not ready for the class. I'd do about 4 pages at a time. The reading is very tough dry. I'll give you some tips on the next post. 

Belle Epoque! some art WW!-Marne and Valmy?

 
 
Impressionism...1863ish what the eye "perceives and the brain understand are TWO" totally different things. Some of the art depicts life in Von Hausmann's new Paris. Lots of just regular folks living their lives. Bars, hanging out, parks, walking, eating. It (at least in this context) will focus on the alienation of living life in a big city; really the FIRST modern Big City. This was new, revolutionary art. It was the time of Napoleon the III. Many folks looked at the art and were like "what IS this."The idea that it all looked like sketches, that they weren't done yet.  In 1863 things will begin to change in the art world. Much of the NEW art is refused entrance into the annual Art Salon event due to the CONSERVATIVE world of Napoleon III's 2nd Empire. The folks' who are not allowed complained and Napoleon III, who remember, began allowing more free expression in the 2nd half of his reign, said essentially let the refused artists have their own exhibit. They did! The Salon des Refuse. Lots of NEW artist made their mark here. Manet, Pissaro. The master of it all is Claude Monet. A work of his "Impression" will help create the NAME of the movement
 
 
Post Impressionism came next. 1880s Here, you'll get Cezanne, Seurat(pointillism) Van Gogh, Gaugin,Cezanne. Emphasis on emotions and memories of the artist here. Remember, Van gogh was a very emotional guy. 
 
Lots of stuff happening in France at the end of the 19th century. What a time it must have been to be alive. I really like looking at the Exposition of 1889. To my knowledge, it's basically the World Fair or what in the 20th Century will be Expo.... I'd refer to it as Exposition of 1889. Look at the year. Its 100th Anniversary of something that took place in Paris 100 years before. See way below to continue....
 
The new Paris also offered business opportunities. How? WHY? Emile Zola-who also wrote J'Accuse mastered the writing of realism referred to Department Stores as "Cathedrals of Modernity." The new paris was vibrant, alive, and promoted consumerism. The Cathedrals of Modernity offered much in fact many women will work at them. They also hurt the small business. Capitalism. 
 
Look at the Third Republic. 
 
Pan Slavism---This could be a legacy of Nationalism that is promoted by Russia and to be sure Serbs! The latter now feel a bit liberated w the Ottoman Empire in Decline. Hey! What was the "Eastern Question" all about? 
 
Schliefen Plan. Germany's ONLY plan. Invade through neutral Belgium. (this would bring GB in but germany hoped they would not or would be a non factor) then PUSH down to paris. THEN off to crush Russia. This would avoid Bismarck's great fear (although he's long been dead) of a TWO Front WAR; Western Front, Eastern Front. 
 
Remember...the Battle of Valmy in 1792 SAVED france from the european powers who'd advanced into France. They were conservative forces (of course) and would have restored Louis and end the revolution. It was a CITIZEN effort. Volunteers , sans coulotte, AND regular army soldier. Battle of the Marne, 1914 the French are saved by stopping the Gerrman in N. France. Trench warfare will ensue. Both battles, linked together could be used a synthesis as "saving" france.
 
 
Yes! 100th anniversary of the French Revolution! The Exposition will also "unveil" the building of the Eiffel Tower. It'll be the tallest man made structure in the world for like 3o years. It was made of iron and utilized modern scientific and engineering techniques. It'll also have a revolutionary device to allow guests to go the top quickly; the Lift! aka the Elevator! Go engineering! "Yeah science!" (JP)
 
I want you to look at some of the key themes that Eiffel uses there and see if it helps explain the modern age that it is in and that the Exposition hopes to share. Of note as well...many folks and even artists hated it! couldn't stand it. Of note, too. In ww1 at the battle of the marne, a radioman climbed to the top of it and was able to jam German radio transmissions to upset communications. How could you fit synthesis here? Could you? Irony? Facts? Comparison?
 
Quote below from Gustave Eiffel
 "Not only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude"

Revisionism, IMPERIALISM, GERMANY/KAISER looking AHEAD.

As suffrage is expanded, some folks think that the idea of VIOLENT revolution espoused by Marx would be unnecessary; the PEOPLE would elect social reformers to help them. One of these guys would be a dude named Edourd Bernstein........Revisionism! "Let's REVISE Marx's ideas on "revolution." 
 
Remember, the Junkers of Prussia (it's prussia that is the bedrock of the creation of a German Empire) are very conservative. They want a GERMANY that is dominated by northerners, Prussians. In the South of Germany(Bavaria) they are OVERWHELMINGLY Catholic. Since Pope had asserted Papal infallibility, Bismarck feared that these "Germans" would be loyal first to the Pope. He'll create the Kulturekampf to deal w them. 
 
1888-Kaiser Wilhelm II........Dumb, arrogant, crude, bitter that Grandma Victoria liked her English grandsons better will become the Kaiser of the German Reich. He is super conservative. He believes, really, in divine right of kings.  "i believe that it is written in the Bible, that my duty is to INCREASE GERMAN heritage for which one day God I shall b called 2 account. Whoever get's in my way i shall CRUSH." WilhelmII Bismarck thought him a stupid brat. Wilhelm will FIRE him a couple years in to his reign. 
 
Although Jewish Emancipation will in Germany, ANTI-Semitism will grown. Many Germans associated Jews w being socialist and liberal. (remember, liberalism called for Universal suffrage....liberalism supports this to the most part. Secularism, too) ***This end of the century people will be a dangerous time in Germany AND Europe. Anti semitism is spreading (remember dreyfuss affair in France? Pogroms in Russia? Jews will not be considered Real Germans. I want you to recognize anti semitism was everywhere. Russia and Germany will serve as unique examples of ignorance, though. These were VERY conservative countries. Within these countries, too yu had the desire for reform, economic, social,etc. These two countries are proud of their traditions and conservativism. Some reformers were indeed Jewish (Marx, Bernstein, Luxemburg) Also, w the Emancipation of the Jews, many Jews were able to pursue Bourgeoise careers. Due to this Jewish people could become doctors, lawyers, invest in biz and perhaps make $$ Some Jews will be very successful in areas like banking or in large scale shopping, department stores. This will (as does laissez capitalism as a whole) negatively hurt the petite bourgeoise, the small biz dude. THEY will blame the Jewish people. 
 
Eng, France, Germany will begin a period of Imperialism CREATING colonies throughout Africa and Asia. Rivalries will be born. Germany V. Great Britain will be huge. 
 
****New ideas of race, genetics, and BLOOD nationalism will be born. These themes are far different from the NATIONALISM of the first half of the 19th century which was based not eh PEOPLE governing, not a king. It'll be a nationalism rooted in BLOOD. Genetics. Social Darwinism. Look at Houston Chamberlain

SAQ PROMPTS!

Be sure to write the prompt associated with your class. Period 1, i've texted you the reading associated with yours. All....I'll text the "SAQ" writing page

Disraeli thinks LONG TERM

1870---Education Act of 1870, the British Govt took over responsibility for running elementary schools. they'd be public. BEFORE, the Anglican church ran them. Education would be a defense from threats to democracy from "an illiterate citizenry." The uneducated can be controlled, fooled, tricked. An educated person, an enlightened person can be a "problem" for the systems of control. 
 
The franchise has proven a "dangerous" proposition for conservatives and their sense of tradition. The "mob" or the PEOPLE should be restricted regarding their voice-the franchise. In England (#englandisdifferent) economic liberalism and steady reforms had(and WAS) creating a nice new middle class as well as giving some level of $$ and even "respectability" to the working class. They wanted a voice. Now. Democracy was coming!! Conservative MP (member of Parliament) Bejamin Disraeli introduced legislation that would expand the franchise. He was conservative. WHY, based on his political ideology would he ever want to expand the franchise!? He was thinking LONG TERM. Change was happening, it was clear and in England (liberal, "free", #englandisdifferent) it was indeed inevitable. For Disraeli, it was wise to be at the forefront of this change. Those who benefited from the expanded franchise (England was growing and more people were enjoying the fruits on liberalism--economic liberalism)  would be grateful for the conservative actions. The new suburban folks, folks who moved away from the city, he believed, would grow conservative and support the Conservative party in Engalnd. He was correct. But.....NOT immediately. Remember, LONG TERM. The next election would see LIBERAL William Gladstone elected. He's liberal. He's liberal. He's liberal!.
 
 Gladstone supported FREE Trade. He saw it as a benefit to the hungry, the poor and a way to promote trade and lower costs. He supported repeal of corn law to HELP the hungry. He supported Italian Nationalism. Promoted public education rather than Anglican church education. Gladstone will be replaced by conservative Disraeli. Gladstone! Liberalism promotes individuality, freedom and competition. Disraeli-CONSERVATIVE. Govt will work to HELP the people, the weak. Disraeli's conservative party will work to protect Unions, artisans and Liberal gladstone says "yeah, unions are ok but we don't need to protect 'em or their members. It's a free world." 
 
**Extra Credit? Please be specific in your response, giving clear connection and evidence to support. How could the Communards be the ancestors to the cause of the Jacobins during the French Revolution. What did each stand for? Why were they BOTH revolutionary to the status quo? What forces opposed them? Be creative and THOROUGH. NO generalizations allowed. The best 4 get 4 extra points. Two "good effort, I like where your head is..but not the best..." get 2 points." DUE 1030 AM Sat!!
 

Italy and Germany-Born.

ITALY! The dream is achieved! For almost 2k years, “Italy” was nothing more than a collection of different city state, a couple kingdoms, a republic, etc. There was NO Italy. The ideas FOR an Italy really begin to start again during the Renaissance. Guys like Bocaccio(the Decameron) Dante Alghieri (divine comedy---which’ll be written in Tuscan “italian” and serve as basis for n. Italian Italian!) and Machiavelli in the Prince called for a dude to emerge to unite “Italy” into one strong state. As you all know, the spread of nationalism from the Napoleonic wars will reawaken this feeling BUT it had been around since the Renaissance. 1848? It ultimately fails. 

1870-1 Franco Prussian War (DO YOUR READING!) also...what you have here is Napoleon III who was a protector of the Pope in Rome forced to move his troops protecting the Pope in Rome from Italy MOVE his troops to fight the Prussian. Nap III soldiers GONE, Italy swoops in. Rome now part of Italy! The Pope, no longer is charge is NOW only the boss(besides being the leader of the worlds' catholics) in charge of St. Peter's basilica and some of the land around it; the Vatican! Pope Pius IX is furious. This will lead to real friction between the Pope and the Kingdom of Italy(constitutional monarchy!!!) for decades. You'll have liberal reforms including separation of church and state FOR decades until the 1920;s. More later. 

“Germany” COULD have happened in 1848. The Frankfurt assembly, which called for LIBERAL reforms at the expense of the conservative class/junkers was all set to allow the King of Prussia to lead a “Germany” as a constitutional Monarchy. Remember, in the 19th century, the idea of a constitutional monarchy was quite liberal. You’d have a parliament, which’d give the PEOPLE a voice and an executive to ensure the people’s voice in parliament was respected (the king). Fredrick Wilhelm IV said “NO WAY.” I won’t take my crown from the gutter! He WOULD, however, accept the crown if elected by the various German Princes…basically, this guy wanted to reinstate the HRE w Prussia at the head. “Thanks but no thanks.” That’d be in like 1849. Ultimately, there WILL be a Parliament in Prussia. Only a small handful of men could vote. Those who paid the most in taxes; the King could also appoint peope to positions(doesn’t matter but I just wanted to let you know.) The PEOPLE don’t make kings Kings…God (divine right) and OTHER kings do(being elected by fellow “german” princes.) A german nation will not be made by the people, or by parliaments, or constitutions” it’ll be made from Blood and IRON! War will unite Germany. Wilhelm I(he was king of PRUSSIA!!) will be the first Emperor, “Kaiser” of the German Empire or “2nd Reich.” (1871)He is NOT crowned by the people, but by the ARMY, the Junkers, the Nobility. There is a great painting of this coronation which takes place at the Palace of Versailles(think who lived there and had it built!!! This was a message, a symbol)

The Kaiser will rely on the Chancellor to run day to day stuff. The Chancellor answers to one dude, the KAISER!  You do have a parliament created but it really has little power. Germany is created based on Prussian values, military and the Junker class. The Junkers are the nobility, Bismarck was a Junker. Remember, the noblitly are from the countryside. They rule the land and are more than happy w the ideas of tradition, privilege, and conservativism!!) The urban centers will have a really small voice. The German Empire has lots of catching up to do and will have England, the most powerful country in the world on their radar

Marx, Nationalsim 1848!!!!!!

 The Revs of 1848 really marked the FIRST time workers demanded and FOUGHT for political rights.  It called for Universal suffrage, free press, many cases equality for women. Also, peasants——who ALMOST ALWAYS supported the conservative order and the church, sided w workers to demand change!****Ultimately, these rev throughout euro FAIL. WHY do we care? Folks in “germany’ and “italy” lose but have united in a cause to create a unified country. They will not be stopped again. 

A “mob” is a HUGE, angry group of people. It can also be used to just to describe “the people.” Consider who might think of the “the people” as a Mob!? 

*** “Italy” does not exist. Lots of “italian” states. Some of the Northern states actually belong to catholic AUSTRIA. Austrian empire BIG. VERY diverse. Hapsburgs still rule. Northern “ITalian” states will rebel against Catholic austria!. OTHER southern italians states will say “let’s help!!” The is the ruler of Rome. 

ALL workers, the Proletariat(!) are essentially the same. The ideas of Marx had no national boundary, no religious difference, no gender inequality. ALL workers share the same thing GLOBALLY. They had been oppressed by the economic inequality of laissez faire capitalism. His historical dialectic....(based on research, scientific inquiry) said that it was inevitable for the the proletariat to OVERTHROW the bourgeoise(who oppressed them) just as the BOURGEOISIE had overthrown the Old Regime in France in 1789

++++Expanding the franchise, the right to votes gives a larger part of the population a voice. England recognized this. France, and the rest of europe's govt. DID NOT. 

France Revolution. BASED ON social/economic inequality! (Marx actually said this French Rev 1848(the june days( would be a dress rehearsal for a later Proletarian revolution AGAINST the bourgeoisie) It STARTS in FEB 1848(!)2nd Republic born, Louis Philipple GONE! Drama begins in feb. Euro nations nervous w what they saw(think WHY? Base on france's rev history....) Part of the reason for the unrest was a terrible economy. Lots of unemployment, like HALF of Paris. A temporary govt created. This temp gov will create national workshops to employ the unemployed. Bread prices will be reduced (annoying folks in countryside) The national workshops prove really expensive and wealthy are like “why do we have to pay for this” & then the GOV ran out of $$ to pay for ‘em!!! JUNE! the workshops closed. Parisian workers rose in rebellion! BACK TO THE BARRICADES!!! “June Days” The gov and soldiers from conservative provinces in france came to paris and crushed the rebellion. The temp govt restricted speech, assembly. The temp gov would become PERMANENT w nov elections. who would run???

Louis napoleon was popular due to his name. Romantics believed “this is the guy!!” really, due 2 his name. he wins in a landslide. He represents the “party of order.” The assembly will elect lots of socialist from BIG cities and NOW EVEN the countryside! They want CHANGE. More $, no more tax on wine, banks 4 the poor, free public schools. nOW!! 1850!!What do lots Machiavellian leaders do when threatened? They say “there is a plot!! Someone has tried to kill me! Louis Nap NO different. Bans old revolutionary symbols, hats, colors, tri color, cuts down liberty trees, workers associations (not unions) BANNED, public schools were turned over to the Church to run.(Falloux Law) In May 1850, the assembly (which has many socialists but only 1/3) ban universal male suffrage. (Dec 2, 1851)Since Louis Nap was constitutionally only allowed to serve ONE term, he just will declare himself Emperor! End of 2nd rep, birth of Louis Napoloeon iii and 2nd Empire. Ironically, or coincidentally it’s the same day that his uncle declared himself emperor decades before. This was a COUP. Workers, artisans, peasants fought Loius Nap to save the republic but are beaten. 

marx and Scientific Socialism

 

From 1848 til really the end of class no man's influence is arguably greater to our class discussion, economic development, revolution, etc than that of German born Karl Marx. Marx is NOT ethnically German; he is Jewish. I make this comment for you to understand that the man who will design the themes behind radical socialism and then ultimately communism is NOT German but Jewish. These will be important themes with where we're going. He thought the Utopian socialists like Saint Simone and Fourier and thought there critique on capitalism was good but JUST NOT clear enough. It was "scientific" enough for him. He will adopt the posture of "scientific socialism." Science and research (more than the technocracy of saint simone) will be driving force in Marx's writings. Marx studied the idea of Hegel (another german writer) who wrote of history as ever evolving. The Historical dialectic that Marx talks about in his Communist Manifesto(co written w friedrich engels) say the NATURAL evolution of society things is that new overthrow the old. He starts his diabetic by looking at and addressing the french rev> Just as the bourgeoisie realize their CLASS and work to develop capitalism, overthrow the old regime and feudalism, a NEW class will ultimately emerge to overthrow them; that of the proletariat. The industrial revolution created the proletariat. Unrestrained capitalism/laissez capitalism created it. It created the terrible working conditions, the poor pay, the miserable lives. Commericalism had the bourgeoisie to power(govt, parliaments, etc) which help further develop the industrial revolution which helped create a growing "proletariat" class. "By creating the proletariat, the bourgeoisie had sown the seeds of it's own demise." Socialism would replace capitalism when the proletariat took over. how would they take over? VIOLENT REVOLUTION. OVERTHROW govts, parliament. To guys like Marx and his followers, Parliaments and elected political bodies were tools of the bourgeoisie. Why? Cuz the bourgeoisie elected t hem!!! Remember, the franchise was only offered to a select few.NOT the wretched poor, the battered worker, the proletariat. There was no way to negotiate w them because they did not represent the people; they represented bourgeoisie. W the proletariat, the STATE 
"The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains"! Marx---in reference to revolution. The communist STATE would own the means of the production. The individual would not own the means of production (laissez faire, capitalism) the state would provide services and protection. ******** marx saw the June Days in France(1830 revolutions, ...you know..."To the barricades!!!") as a dress rehearsal for the proletarian struggle against the bourgeoisie. Remember, it failed and Louis Philippe is installed as King of the French. He's bourgeoise in all things. 
 
CONTRARY to this you have Proudon's ANARCHY! They say "the state?"  We HATE The state!!!!!! DESTROy IT!!! Marx believed "anarchism was utopian socialism, it was not scientific. BOTH will emerge as Revoutionary ideas which spring from the economic and social inequalities of industrial rev.

NATIONALISM! HERE, THERE, EVERYWHERE! (IN EUROPE)

 

 

1st. NATIONALISM...we go BACK to FRANCE. "What is the 3rd estate?" Abbe Sieyes? EVERYTHING, the NATION. Not the clergy, not the NOBILITY. Also....when the Rev wars get crazy and the Prussians are threatening Paris, the LEVEE En Masse of the French people, the NATION, pushed the conservative order of the 1st Coalition OUT. Go PEOPLE, go NATION. ----Then years later when Napoleon occupied so much of Europe NATIONALISTIC movements united people to get Napoleon out of their country! None other than the germanic states. When Nap beats em he ENDS the Ancient HRE&puts in place Confederation of the Rhine. States fighting for Nationhood against conservativism will be belgium, "italys", "germanys" "Poland--AGAINST THE RUSSIANS!!!!" "austria at some point." 
 
***"German Nationalist Movement--Founded on "Passion, emotion, the past, UNITY, brotherhood, Xenophobia, ROMANTICISM, GERMAN CULTURE"---Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, AKA Father Jahn. School teacher, really the inventor of gymnastics. He saw sports and gymnastics as a healthy pursuit of young german men who must be healthy in order to kick the French/Napoleon OUT of germany. Interesting dude. TOTAL hatred towards anything French due to NAP. So much of euro culture looked like france. French culture, thought, clothes were omnipresent throughout Europe. Who wore French clothes? The nobles. Who acted French? The Nobles. HATE The nobles.  Father Jahn and his followers will move to attack NOT JUST NAPOELON but the whole of French society. THAT INCLUDES The revolutionary ideas of 1789 (liberty, fraternity, equality) THESE are NOT German ideas, they're foreign. Let's unite behind our volkgeist(soul of our people) OUR german culture and our themes. His LIBERALISM rested in his belief in nationalism. 
 
"Poles, French, priests, aristocrats and Jews are Germany's misfortune." Father Jahn  As you can see, these are not really liberal ideals. 1800's to 1820 w Jahn influencing was known as the TURNVEREIN,  or "gymnast movement." Remember, he was a gym instructor and thought gymnastics good for german men. So, BEFORE the 1840's the Turnverein will be seen as restrictive, not open to foreign ideas, STRICTLY german. IN the 1840's the Turnverein will be back as a liberal group that focuses on traditional liberal ideology(religious tolerance, laissez faire, suffrage, nationalism, et) 
 
 As i mentioned, he was a school teacher and back in the day the only kids who went to school were boys. He had a huge following of them. They were in awe of his ideas of german nationalism and identity. He was an athlete and a scholar who will really be one of the organizers of the Wartburg Festival. Again, GERMAN ideas. German religion is NOT Catholicism(LET THE AUSTRIANS HAVE THAT!) it's Lutheranism. Martin Luther, the great reformer was GERMAN. The festival takes place at wartburg castle where Luther had translated the bible into German(GO GERMANY!)  300th anniversary of 95 Theses. An anniversary of a defeat OVER napoleon. Again, it's anti foreign. These young boys form Burschenschaften, student groups, fraternities throughout university in "germany." Together they go to warburg festival, burn catholic things, burn books(this will become more familiar as a tactic of later german intolerance seen in again in 20th century---synthesis) This sort of activity is so loud that Austrian conservative mettternich freaks out. He's like NO WAY. Not while i'm around. Remember, Metternich is Austrian> What's going to happen is that austria(catholic) is going to be at the head of the German confederation and will and continue to have rivalries w the northern states which are close to Prussia. Metternich is nervous. He bans to burshcenschaften in the carlsbad decrees. As a conservative, metternich was fearful of liberal ideas. Also as a conservative he was afraid of LIBERAL ideas relating to NATIONALISM, the people!
 
 
A few years later Father Jahn arrested. However..he has influenced a young kid. A theology student name Karl Sand. Sand is inspired to MURDER an author/playright who's books were INCREDIBLY popular, pro french, made fun of certain german traditions. and who's book had been burned. Sand, as a "romantic" thought that he was saving the honor of germany. Murders Kotzebue, the playwright. 
 
The german colors of red, black and gold have multiple meanings. For our class...we'll point out that they were the colors of the soldier's uniforms who fought napoleon in 1813ish. THEN, since these soldiers fought a nationalistic war of liberation fro napoleon, the Burschenscaften will adopt them as theirs. Red, black flag w golden oak leave type things. In the 1840's during the era of Spring of Nations (nationalist movements throughout europe-----2nd semester!) the traditional idea of german flag created. 
 
 
 

NAPOLEON!

Napoelon Buonaparte (napoleon bonaparte, this the one we want, the former is CORSICAN)----The ONLY person who has more books and articles written about him is Jesus. Fact. The man transformed history. Conservative? Enlightened? War monger? Advocate of France's role in promoting equality?  First...he was BORN in Corisa. VERY proud of it.
--------"As the nation (corsica) was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me..." France would take corisa in battle. He would be given the opportunity to get a scholarship to study as a teenager in France, (JUST LIKE ROBESPIERRE!!!) He was a Jacobin and is and WAS alway a believer in STRONG CENTRALIZED authority. Power comes from Paris. He was an advocated of "careers open to all men."(this was a concept that rebuked tradition, privilege that was centrale to the Ancien Regime.---"You GET because you ACHIEVE!") So, this being said, he'll be against unions. He'll make peace with the Catholic Church. Not a believer in religion but recognized it's historical role in france and how damaging it had been when it was removed. FRANCE needed a HERO. They need a man who would fix the country. Save the country. Make France GREAT! The ideas of the rev were spreading...remember..the Girondins had advocated war to spread the ideas. Well....Napoleon was probably alive because he was gone from France so much during the apex of the Terror. He became a BRILLIANT military commander. A dude who came from nothing (well..his family were ennobled but POOR) and rose to because master of Europe.) This concept of HERO is central to ROMANTICISM. His military adventures will inadvertently lead to the creation of NATIONALISM throughout Euorpe. WHEN he destroyed conservative govts people began to identify as part of a nation. Also, his occupation of THEIR country rallied folks behind the concept of "our country must fight off the foreign invader." This will be central in what will become "ITALY" and what will become "GERMANY." Remmber, none of this nations existed yet. THE HRE still existed. However, more and more, people began to identify w/ being "german" Beethoven even though Napoleon great because he was such an advocate for enlightenment ideals. He was a figure who promoted the INDIVIDUAL! However...when Napoleon becomes a War monger, spreading war and chaos throughout Europe, he'll change his mind. WHERE is army went, much of the Enlightenment followed. 1. Career open to all, B. an end to serfdom, C. legal code---HIS CRITICS (especially in england. HATE him. "He was a tyrant. betrayed the enlightenment, Propagandist, Pushed back capitalism decades due to war, hurt ideas of reason and created strong Romanticisim which UNLEASHED THE FURY of what will become ULTRANATIONALISM in Germany." A complicated dude. 
 
----One last thing Romanticism is born following/during Napoleon. Folks will look for truth not in politics, rationalism and the enlightenment BUT INSTEAD through emotion, experience. BUT just like the enlightenment, ROMANTICS BELIEVED in Human capabilities

Revolution CONTINUES!

 Marianne! When the First Republic of France is born in 1792, all statues of the King are removed. Marianne is the SYMBOL of liberty, freedom, equality. Ironically, women (Marianne is a woman!) have NO political rights in France. 

 
The Girondins, from the countryside of France, sat on the LEFT (left wing) They believed in free trade, an end to tariffs, and the monarchy. In addition, they wanted to spread the war BEYOND France's borders to "liberate" the other kingdoms of Europe. (Notice i say "kingdoms" and not nations. Nations' sovereign r the people. Kings were the sovereigns of "kingdoms.) Free trade, laissez faire capitalism,speech, etc throughout Europe. REVOLUTION! They were NOT keen on what they believed to be the Jacobin attempt to CENTRALIZE the revolution in Paris. They were in favor of a "federal" system. That is ....SHARING power between the Departments AND the central govt, Paris. The Jacobins, ALSO on the left wing (they sat at the top, the "mountain" the montanards") They want to CENTRALIZE authority in Paris. They are AGAINST the war! Robespierre fears they'll lose and LOSE the Revolution. Work on enlightenment ideals if France...for example, give the right of citizenship to ALL males. The right to vote, participate in THEIR govt. Being that the Jacobins sided w the Sans Culotte and the other working class who were greatly effected by the RISING price of bread(Free market! HIGH demand, LOW supply!) They'll support a Law of Maximum on bread. The GOVT should serve to REGULATE the economy in an effort to help those who are struggling by limiting the price of bread. Soon....the Church will be banned in France. The Cult of the Supreme Being....DEVOTION TO REASON! Not to a god or God. Reason is the NEW religion! It was meant to unite France. The weeks will become ten day weeks. The months, named after seasonal changes.

Help! National Assembly THEN Legislative Assembly THEN National Convention(1st Republic, NO KING)


So yo have various stages of the French Rev. The Rev is complicated in the sense that it goes from being an effort to reform taxation, to a rev to give power to the bourgeoise, to a rev that is taken over by more “left” leaning radicals to a rev that will have a military dictator.The Jacobins. What happens during the rev is that all sorts of “clubs” emerge in Paris. These clubs are kindda like political parities. The Jacobins met at church or something named St Jacob(or something like that so that’s where they get their name. Churches were big a provided ample meeting space. they, however, will be anti Religion and work to get rid of the catholic church.) 

Ok, so the King starts to freak out. He is not content w being a constitutional monarch and his wife his really hassling him to DO SOMETHING like be a KING. So…throughout Europe, the conservative monarchies in europe are watching anxiously wondering if perhaps they’re next. Will the ideas of the enlightenment and classical liberalism spread? If they have anything to say NO!! So Louis will be in contact w other european monarchs and marie antoinette was austrian so she’ll be taking to people there. They’ll try to escape “flight to varennes.” they’ re caught and people are furious. They’ll grow to trust the king even less. This was june ’91. The people were like “dude, you’re constitutional monarch, what’s wrong w that?” Louis and Maire wanted to be DIVINE Right, conservative sorts of kings; not share it w the people. At this point, the legislative assembly is still in power. The terms “right wing” and “left wing” emerge during this time. The right wing represent conservative, pro monarchy, pro church views. The LEFT wing represents liberalism and the ideas of the enlightenment(w some exceptions—i’lll discuss later) Two left wing groups emerge. They’re deemed “radical” because what they attempted was “radical”! no one had ever done this before. They Jacobins AND the Girondins. The former were based primarily in Paris while the latter are more out in the countryside. They’re super big rivals. The Girondins are very radical, more than the Jacobins. They want the revolution to SPREAD throughout Europe! Spread the Englithenment! Liberate Europe. The Jacobins, in particular Maximilliam Robespierre, say “Heck no.” (See my quote on website)  King louis, coward and unwilling to recognize the situation, encouraged the Girondins to seek war. He knew they’d lose and the revolution would be done and HE would be back in business as absolute monarch. Robespierre feared the is too. “We lose the war, we lose the revolution.” Legislative Assembly is born sept ’91. It’s the govt of the new constitution. It’ll only last a year. 
 
 
Fast forward a few months to spring ’92….WAR with austria. The Girondins got the war they wanted. The Military commander of austria’s soldiers, a dude named Brunswick, said “you hurt the royal family and we’ll burn Paris to the ground.” The Nation, the People, the French were like “heck no!!!” Don’t speak to us like that.” Also, it makes Loius like like he was in cahoots w the austrian and other european conservatives. He was. A mob will storm the Tuilleries palace in Paris where the royal family was living and kill the guards and arrest louis in august. Louis will be removed from power. GOODBYE KING! and even constitutional monarch. HELLO First French Republic. It’s born sept ’92.  Republics DO NOT have kings. The king is in real trouble now. He has no power, is seen as COUNTER-revolutionary and cannot be trusted. He has betrayed his people for the last time. THE NATIONAL Convention is the govt of the First French Republic. ALL FRENCHMEN 25 and older regardless of wealth, land, background will get to vote. Very Enlightened. Meanwhile, the war against europe that the Girondin’s had wanted was going TERRIBLY. That is until the Battle of Valmy. It was a miracle. What was left of Louis’ army AND FRENCH CITIZENS VOLUNTEERS fought and squashed the Prussians who were like the toughest, greatest army of the day. We’ll get more into that later

Meet the New Boss, the Same as the Old Boss

Essentially what happens is that the National Assembly and THEN the Nat. Constituent Assembly(once summer of '89 kicks in) will replace the power and authority of the the nobility class w. that of the landed class, wealth, education. --Again, the French Rev is a POLITICAL Rev. The 19th Century will see Revs. based on SOCIAL demands. At this point though, that new class...the BOURGEOISIE had gained class consciousness and wanted POWER!  The Age of Enlightenment! Freedom! Be what YOU can be! Believe, work, speak whatever you believe! ----Indecisive as ever...Louis xvi delayed ratifying (making into law) the Dec of the Rights of Man. People grew suspicious. "Is this dude w us or not?" Remember '88 and'89 and seen a terrible harvest. Bread was OUT of control. People were going hungry. (note on the free market...the free market, Adam Smith laissez faire....would say let the MARKET determine the value of bread. The MARKET had a HUGE demand for it. SO costs SKYROCKETED!!) The poor and the San Coulotte were really hurting. It'll be the Sans Coulotte who urge the new govt to issue a "Law of Maximum." This would put a limit on the cost of bread; the GOVT would. This was obviously unpopular to the new govt. Women, MOMS were furious(Oct '89). The famous Fish Monger women of the Markets were big tough women who used knives to carve up fish to be sold. They embarked on the first JOURNEE (revolutionary march somewhere) to Versailles demand the king do something! They storm into versailles, kill the kings guards, WANT to kill Marie Antoinette, kill her guards. they eventually settle w taking the king and his family back to Paris. "we are taking the baker, the bakers wife and the bakers apprentice (the Prince) back to Paris!!" The King was referred to the baker because they women, working class, poor women were NOT part of the bourgeoisie. They relied on their govt to help them. What they find infuriates them. The king had been HOARDING GRAIN!!! TONS of grain for he and Versailles! 
 
------The Nat Const Assembly still wanted a Const Monarch.Remember! ALL were equal in the eyes of the law. But...not ALL were equal. Democracy, DIRECT democracy was seen as dangerous. The only power the King got was to veto. To TEMPORARILY stop legislation. The Constitution of 1791 meant to keep popular ideas down.  Remember, if everyone in France could vote, they'd likely do something to help the poor. The new govt  NOW CALLED THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY(made of bourgeoise, propertied owning folks, and nobility) want a govt that protect THEIR PROPERTY(this theme of property is so important. Land, $$, business--you'll see it next year, too.) PROPERTY and wealth determined your life in the France
 
What you'll get it 2kinds of citizens. Active, those who could annual taxes of 3 days or more cold VOTE to elect ELECTORS!! the Electors had to have More $$! in a country of 25 million of apx 50k MEN could vote. Passive citizens were EQUAL before the eyes of the law but had no property, no property rights, and NO RIGHT to vote. 
 
$$ GOODbye Guilds. Laws were made to restrict workers from ORGANIZING unions or WORKING together to demand better pay. The free market loves to keep wages low. These laws were called Chapelier Laws. The working class hated them. w no guilds, income for workers plummeted. 
 
***The church! The State confiscated all church lands and sold them to pay off debts. To help pay frances bills, PAPER money(unique because they were paper and not actually silver or gold) were given. The confiscated church lands were used to back it up. Ouch. Next....the assembly voted that Priest were MUST take oaths to the new state. They would be paid by the state.  They were now employees of the state(1790) It was a huge mistake. It really made the faithful angry. Priests who refused were known as nON JURING PRIESTS. The Catholic church and the Pope are furious, absolutely furious. This action by the revolution, the enlightened ideas, will create animosity between the catholic church and enlightenment principles until a few decades ago. 

PARLEMENTS not parliaments

Parlements NOT Parliaments

 

Power in France resided in established TRADITION, inherited rights and privilege. That of the nobility and the Clergy. (Remember, in this case, the idea of clergy r bishops, arch bishops, cardinals) Historically, in France there had been 13 different PARLEMENTS. These parliaments were really just Courts of Appeal throughout France. They made NO laws. They had lots of power is determining legality of TAXATION. Mostly, the Judges who served on the parliaments PURCHASED OR Inherited (remember "tradition", "privilege"!)their ability to serve (nobility of the Gown) The most powerful of the parlements BY FAR was the one in Paris. Remember, these Parlements were headed by the nobility. The nobility and aristocracy were VERY adamant about not changing anything; especially that regarding the idea of taxation. ONLY members of the 3rd Estate paid taxes. One of the points of the Rev was to promote equality. They saw the idea of them paying taxes as taking away their special role in France. They were not the "Equals" to peasants. Nobles could do cool things like carry a sword or wear family crest. Parlements would ALWAYS stand in the way of CENTRALIZING authority.(Although Louis XIV was successful in giving lots of restrictions to them. They end when he died) They hated it. These parlements would be roadblocks to reform at the BEGINNING of the Rev. So Parlements were responsible for posting and enforcing new taxes. As the rev grew closer and calls (especially from dudes like Turgot) for a more equitable tax system grew they refused to post ANY new tax decrees. When Parlements refused to post stuff from the king the king could FORCE Them ONLY with a "Lit de Justice"(Ok.....talk about feudal privilege and tradition. The king would LITERALLY have to show up in a BED with pillows adorning it and address the parlements. He'd get his way from there. ) I want yo to remember that Louis XV and certainly the XVI are NO LOUIS XIV--then again, who is?! Demands for economic reform to save the fRench economy begin in the 1770's. The Parlements REFUSED any attempt to remove their privileges relating to taxation. They DON"T PAY TAXES!!!! Even w the growth of the bourgeoisie class in the 3rd Estate, the nobility would be able to restrict the rise of them due to issues of taxation. The 2nd DON"T PAY TAXES!! All in the 3rd do! Basically, the Parlements were stubborn, ancient, and unwilling to yield any belief in their "traditional rights" to save France. The poor were friendly w the Parlements because they maintained traditional order. They protected the church they stood up to the King. The Bourgeoisie and the emerging middle class w/in the third estate HATED it. They saw it as unREASONable. As ancient. Unfair. In need of replacement. 

Capitalism, Ag, Wealth Generation

Let's think about Mozart. DEFINITELY a creation of the ENLIGHTENMENT. Before and even @ the beginning of his career musicians were typically part of a court. They belonged to a king or a noble or the Church. They commissioned songs based on what their master wanted. Birthday songs, party songs, celebratory songs you name it. Mozart will be the beginning of a huge change for musicians. He will work for the court AND archbishop of Salzburg in Austria. Soon, he'll travel to both england and FRANCE. Both, especially the latter, were  evolving socially and politically as to what the role and freedom of a person might include. Remember, the Enlightenment is ALL about freedom. Speech, expression, rich man V poor man equality, judicial rights, ECONOMIC rights, and a dislike for guilds due to restrictions ONLY allowing guild members to make specific projects.(we've been talking about Cottage industry---it's OUTSIDE of the cities and away from controls of the guild) Anyway, this rise in freedom will also create public music houses for people to go and hear music. Concerts will be put on in the parks for the people. Musicians will HAVE to  be hired. Mozart will be one of these guys who'll move away from "belonging" to a king or the church and will sell his services to those willing to pay. Opera houses, public concerts, etc where people PAY to see him. Rock star stuff. ALSO,,, unlike the Baroque music before him the Classical music he creates includes tons of secular themes. It also celebrates the lives of average people. The marriage of figaro has the servants at the center of it all. The opera is cool because its show one's NOBLE birth means nothing. IT will be embraced by the middle class of society who may have had money and success but since they were NOT noble, they were really nothing. Mozarts Marriage of Figaro also promotes WOMEN's RIGHTS! Suzanne, one of the servants, is annoyed that her husband Figaro, as a dude, is trying to assert himself and keep her down. She tells him straight up I'm independent! I'm a rational, thinking person. Leave me alone!
 
*******CAPITALISM! What is it? "Capital" refers to the means of production that allow you to make money. A capitalist believes in the FREE MARKET. Let the "market" determine the price. For 20 bucks would you buy a burger? What about six bucks? The govt has NO place in determining the value of something. Laissez faire....govt...stay out of the business of business. Capitalist will use their capital to make money. Many capitalist, smart ones at least, will take profits that they make and REINVEST that $$ into research and development to make better production better and MORE efficient.Keep costs down. The lower the cost the lower i can sell the product (which the market will determine) the more likely people will be interested in buying. Guilds HATE this. Artisans were masters in producing goods. Now...(well it takes a while but the point being...)ANYone can enter the market place making and then selling a good. It can be cheaply done but if the price is right, people will by it. Capitalism promotes COMPETITION! Competition keeps prices LOW!! This is AWESOME for you and i the consumer, we want cheap prices. This devastate the artisans and the guilds. As capitalist continue to make $$ and create jobs a new MIDDLE class will emerge. These folks will be referred to as the Bourgeoisie. They have money, education, opportunity, land perhaps. However..under the old system, they have NO political rights. Rememver, the nobility and the church wield ALL the power(NOT IN ENGLAND!) Also, good business people work to become more efficient. We saw that utilizing science and reason to utilized farm land better. It's NO different than a business. Think about groceries stores(this could be used as synthesis in an LEQ) stores hire check out clerks. They're expensive, require healthcare, vacation, sick time, lunch breaks. Pay for a SELF check out machine and all it costs is the initial investment. They don't get sick, complain, argue, talk back, need vacation. This is GREAT for the business man but BAD for the employees.