Revolution! VIOLENT revolution of the bourgeoise govt.

 

Revisionism is the term used to describe those who might "revise" the ideas of

 

Marx for VIOLENT overthrow of the gov. We knw that marx wanted overthrow

 

because to him, the elected parliaments were tools of the bourgeoisie.

 

HOWEVER....as reforms happened in eng and in Germ, things got a BIT better.

 

The expansion of franchise, reform socialists would argue, leads to the better

 

'lives of the people. This is "revising" the claim of Marx that change could only come through rev. Edouard Bernstein is a proponent of this and a figure who calls for the expansion of the franchise. 

 

Lenin....Lenin will join the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor

 

Party(whew. RSDLP) TWO big factions will be created in this party. The

 

Bolsheviks (which means "majority") led by Lenin and then the Menshiviks

 

(which means minority party) Lenin and trotsky grow to dislike each other w the

 

latter calling the former "robespierre!" Lenin wanted a professional group of

 

revolutionaries, not just guys who would come out to meetings. REAL

 

revolutionaries who would guide and lead the people. He felt that only ONE

 

person or a small group of Party members could lead the rev. Menshiviks

believed in original marxism where industrialized, capitalistic, middle class driven country would be ready for Rev. Russia, they knew, was backward, not ready. They split w lenin. they'll hate each other. 

 

****Lenin leads the Bolsheviks. They will become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. the Menshiviks will disappear. 

 

2nd ind rev transformed europe's economy. New social programs were instituted

 

to help those who were negatively effected by it. Growth of socialist groups to

 

combat the difficulty that many working class people faced. LOTS of folks' moved

 

into middle class but there are always those left behind. Marxist still wanted to

 

overthrow the govt, capitalism COULD NOT be sustained. However, REFORM

 

SOCIALISTS said that VOTING and expansion of the franchise (right to vote)

 

would bring changes. Remember! marxist thought parliaments were bourgeois

 

institutions. ANARCHISTS hated ALL govt. 

 

SYNDICALISTS, which were trade union people (people who'd formed unions based on their skill, like a guild) They wanted to raise wages and work conditions. White collar unions grew, too. 

 

---REMEMBER. It'll be Germany that will provide social security to it's workers. Not France. NOt England. +

 

**The Socialist First International Workingmens Association was founded in liberal London in 1864. Marx emerged as a key player. Revolution was imminent, he believed. Marx was radical. French reps were anarchists and English and German reps were moderate and wanted basic reforms. 

 

*********************************************KEY!!!!!!! SOCIALISTS WERE "internationalist!" While "nationalists" only cared about their nation. 

while i think the whole thing is very interesting and informative, we have since passed many of the themes. I would like you to start at 14:20 and watch the whole thing. It'll help supplement our discussion, for lack of time, on the roots and meaning of socialism AND feminism

 

Anarchists HATE the STATE. all elements of it. it oppresses people. Marxists believe that the bourgeoisie control the state and either A. violent overthrow will create A NEW GOVT (paris commune???) or MAYBE, in some states like the USA, england, and dutch rep, the people could technically vote socialists in.

 

Paris commune is very unique. Anarchists claim it's theirs while radical Marxists say it's all them. It IS confusing. Here are some arguments both ways. 

 

A. First. Leader, main thinker of radical socialism is the Karl Marx. What he saw

 

in Paris was the OVERTHROW of a bourgeoisie system (actually, nap 3's

 

empire) and the replacement of it w a new govt. A govt run by the people

 

working together.  B. Anarchists- A main figure is Mikhail Bakunin, a Russian.

 

BTW...Marx and Bakunin HATE Each other! For Bakunin, the Commune was

 

example of small, communal societies working together. NO cent govt. Small

 

shopkeepers working w other people. In anarchy, people are free to enter into

 

any sort of working association they want. To them, the STATE creates all of the

 

problems. Very libertarian. 

 

While Marx was all about the industrialized Working Class in the city revolting, Bakunin believed that the VAST majority of poor peasants in the countryside should lead revolt and WOULD lead it. Marx called BAKUNIN anarchism "petty bourgeoisie" meaning the small business owner, shop keeper whereas marx believed in the END of all private business. interesting buys. 

REview: Grossdeutsch-Prussia and Austria AND the rest of the German states.

Kleindeutsch-Prussia at the head of the Germany. This is what happens.

 

Prussia and Austria go to war over the issue of Schleiswig-Holstein. The

 

Northern German states unite w Prussia. Bismark orchestrates the whole thing.

 

He speak w/Russia. He'll help them squash rebellious Poles. Also....Russia is

 

SUPER annoyed w Austria due to it's lack of support in the Crimean war

 

(Typically, Russia and austria, as the two preeminent absolutist central/eastern

 

powers help each other out.) Russia says "nope." Also, Bismarck tells the

 

Italian that he'll ensure they get Austrian controlled Venice w/in Italy if they help.

 

THIS, TOO will help w furthering Italian unification. REALPOLITIK! It all goes

 

down and Austria is crushed! 

 

This will mark the end of the Austrian Empire and the creation of the Austro

 

Hungarian Empire. Remember, austria was SUPER diverse. The hungarian

 

(the hungarian nobles were Magyars, REMEMBER?!) had vied for

 

independence for along time (1848, Louis Kossuth but w help from

 

Russia,squashed it.) After Austria's defeat in Austro-Prussian war they knew

 

they had to allow the Hungarians a certain amount of independence in order to

 

REMAIN a great power. Prussia REALLY beat them and emerged as the

 

GREAT GERMANICE power and a GREAT Power in Europe. So....to remain

 

important, they let Hungary become essentially independent w'in a

 

DUAL(austrian emperor would be king of both austria and hungary but hungary

 

would have it's own govt.) monarchy. AUSGLEICH!! aka compromise of 1867. it

 

established this dual monarchy

1860-Italian states are voting to unify w Piedmont! things in "italy" r starting to come together! Romantic G Garibaldi took 1k of his red shirts and captured much of the south. Cavour nervous about this so he send Piedmont troops to slow him down. On the way down there, the Piedmont soldiers conquer the Papal states, NOT ROME. The French were protecting the Pope. A united Italy is what garibaldi wanted and a UNITED ITALY under a monarchy would win the day. ------Victor emmanuel the king of italy 

 

The new state faced lots of  issues. folks' in the south thought they'd been

 

conquered; they resented that as did the religious people in the Papal states.

 

The south was WAY different then the north. It was poor, uneducated, rural.

 

Land owners and peasants V. urban, working class in the north. They thought

 

that the north only wanted to unite to force them to pay taxes and enlist their

 

sons into an army. THE NEW GOVT WOULD BE SUPER CORRUPT (an issue

 

that will have consequences in a few weeks. "Transformiso" was bribery, etc. )  

 

Two places remained "un redeemed. Venice (controlled by Austria) and Rome

 

which was guarded by French soldiers. PRUSSIA(!!) will solve this problem.

 

SPOILER*************Prussia & austria go to war in 1866. Italy ally's w Prussia.

 

Prussia wins italy gets Venice. THEN!! PRUSSIA AND FRANCE (this will BE

 

HUGE WITH THE NEXT FEW WEEKS!!) go to war. French soldiers abandon

 

Rome to go and help. Italian soldiers occupy Rome. It's all over!

 

GERMANY!! Bismark wil emerge as the key guy. Industrialization. GOOD. The

 

Rhineland and then later the Ruhr(which France controls.....might be useful)

 

Germany will be created as Kleindeutsch, small germany. PRUSSIA will lead it.

 

Austria was too ethnic and catholic anyway. 

 

---Fighting the Danes(denmark) schleiswig-Holstein. Two regions. they belong

 

essentially to the danes. Holstein was part of Germ confederation. "Let's add

 

them" said denmark. G. Confederation said, "HECK NO!" Prussia and austria

 

fight together against denmark and win. Bismark was seen as a hero. THEN

 

he'll get Prussia to fight against Austria. PRUSSIA WINS!!(1866) also...italy

 

ally's w prussia and in return will get venice from loser austria. Northern

 

German confederation created in 1867, led by Prussia(lots of german states

 

joining the winning Prussia!) All states were semi independent but their armies

 

became N. German Conf army. The Chancellor would be Bismark, the prez

 

would be the King of Prussia. A REICHStag would be chosen by universal male

 

suffrage. All good w the voting 'cuz bismark knew that peasants, who now could

 

vote if they were male, almost always went w the conservatives(monarchy!) It

 

had little power anyway. GERMANY WOULD BE A MILITARY MONARCHY!! BTW....The Prussian kings were the Hohenzollerns. Bismark will now mess w France! (realpolitik about to happen!)

italy will unify! 

Germany will unify!

 

Nationalism was the driving force that created both of these states. However, it

 

won't be the nationalistic spirit of Mazzini (for Italy) or the Frankfurt Assembly

 

(germanic states). ----Italy! It'll be united under the House of Savoy which ruled

 

Piedmont-Sardinia. King Victor emmanuel(there is a really cool monument to

 

him in Rome today) of Piedmont-Sardinia was driven to EXPAND. He was

 

greatly influenced by Camilo Cavour. He's a liberal but not in the radical,

 

nationalistic sense. He's in favor of a united Italy w/ a constitutional monarch.

 

That'll be what they'll ultimately get. (cavour is a rich business guy,keep this in

 

mind) ***countering cavour is romantic nationalist mazzini. he wanted a republic

 

and hated monarchy. "....he embraced unification as a moral force that would

 

educate and uplift the peoples of Italy." This would create a common faith. THE

 

PEOPLE had to want it. Piedmont Sardinia couldn't give it to them. However,

 

Mazzini's italy will not be born. It'll be Cavours. They'd need help against austria

 

and that will come from Nap III and france.France and Piedmont Sardinia will

 

fight austria (nap iii is very machiavellian in this!-Remember, Austria is

 

Germanic. SO IS PRUSSIA!!-----------------ITalian unification will greatly influence German nationalists who want a united germany. 

 

PRUSSIA IS AN ARMY W A COUNTRY!

GERMANY!!! Frederick william iV (gutter guy) DEAD. his brother, William I now in charge. 1848 scared the junkers, the nobility. Also, the upper classes

 

nervous. These guys in power did not want to give any power up, they were

 

scared of nationalism based on revolution. Also...Prussia or Austria (Klein V.

 

Grosse) as who would lead "Germany."  Prussia is very strong though. military,

 

$$ (zolverein whereas austria not allowed) It's Protestant and they all speak

 

german (in prussia) Catholic austria, a mess. Prussia. Great shape. Prussian

 

parliament works ( you can vote if you have $$:)and William I allowed for elections(if..you had $$) . Pan Germanism spreading 

MORE TO COME> 

"Pan Germanism"  Basically calls for the creation of ONE Germany. 

 

WHY? Crop failures, demand for MORE democracy(not republicanism), NATIONALISM!, More freedom of press, poor leadership, and working class demands. Also.....they'll be inspired by the unrest in France. King Louis Philippe, King of French, abdicates in 1848

 

-After Napoleon exiled the HRE will permanently be done. The German

 

Confederation will be created instead w Austria really at the head. 

 

---Ok, let's review some things that ultimately will lead to the German states at

some point creating a GERMANY. Oct 1517, luther and 95 theses. Oct 1817,

 

Karl Sand leads college kids and the student  led group Burshchenshaften to

 

celebrate 300th anniversary of Luther(a REAL German). they did this at Wartburg Castle (where

 

luther hid out from the Catholic Church) There, they burn books (1817,

 

interesting....burning books in "Germany") These books were from PRO

 

Conservative authors. Sand wants a united Germany. He's liberal, a romantic and proud of Germany. He'll murder a

 

conservative and be executed for it. These kids want a UNITED Germany. First,

 

foremost. 

 

---The Zollverein will be a free trade organization that will make trade between german states (w the exception of poor Austria!) easier. Prussia will be strengthened. 

 

1848- Rev breaks out in three major "german states" (and throughout much of

 

Europe) Bavaria, austria, and Prussia. We'll discuss this in lecture. 

 

---Prussia will slowly begin to industrialize. There guilds and workers are hurt by the industrialization of england who sells their goods to "german" states.

I'll put some tips on the site on Sunday and new calendar for Feb mid week next week. It'll (should be) be on the SECOND page. 

 

Let's go!!

(Key people- Saint Simone, Bentham, Fourier, Marx)

 

1800-1850 saw the industrial rev create LOTS of new efficient means of producing htings. English Commericalism brought Bourgeoisie to power. (remember, Ag Rev and wealth generated from it) It KILLED the concept of the artisan and their skill. Goodbye guilds (remember, free market discourages this). Utopian Socialist r going to emerge and are VERY critical to the concepts of Economic Liberalism(like, free trade, no unions/guilds) They are critical of the terrible living conditions of the working class brought about due to the IR. Low wage, tough jobs. "let's work TOGETHER!"

-Marx believed in Hegel's idea of "dialectical stages."  that history developed through various "stages." THis new STAGE, Marx believed began with Bourgeoisie overthrowing ancien regime &church. Bourgeoisie now in charge and with CAPITAL they will create a new class, the WORKING class AKA "proletariat". Their lives will be terrible and the last STAGE will be the overthrow of bourgeoisie. GOODBYE Capitalism &private property. Hello socialism. Marx believed in "scientific socialism" whereas the Utopian socialist that he liked, werent scientific enough so they could not be correct. COmmunist Manifesto written in 1848(A HUGE YEAR HISTORICALLY)  by Marx and his pal Friedrich Engels. Revolutions throughout Europe in 1848 are not prompted by working class; it too will be more liberal. No one was happy, the poor included.