start at .15  Really interesting stuff! Remember, the IR revolution is made possible due to the comercial rev, PROTO-Industrial rev, AND!! The agricultural rev. 

SECONDLY!!!!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ET9w6a00Iuk 

However, only watch 12:07-14:27 This one is metternich's conservative structure of europe following napoleon.(Cong of vienna a will repress nationalism, revolution and support conservative monarchies. NO DEMOCRACY!)

we did the Marx reading today. You guys should be getting an idea of what sort of "working" conditions will lead to SOCIAL upheaval. It'll happen all throughout Europe.  One of the things we've mentioned (during the rev age) is that moderate countries, like England, will NOT face revolution. Various reform laws like the reform law of 1832 which added suffrage as well as the repeal of the CORN LAWS(restricted importation of grain) will ease tensions; CLASS tensions. England will be the first country to industrialize and Marx feels that England would be ripe for social upheaval. He's wrong. It'll happen in the non, or mildly industrialized nations of Europe. England offers LITTLE bits of reform which keep the people "happy." 

-----Remember, the putting out system, the cottage industry, artisans and their guilds make it possible for "working class" people to have living wages. Industrialization will use technology to make things more efficiently. From metal works, to shoes, to clothes. These professional or skilled workers are going to see their wages drastically cut due to the efficiency of technology. Moreover, let's not just blame technology. It'll be liberal, free market ideas like free trade, the "de skilling" of jobs by allowing non artisans to make stuff that will lower the value of quality goods. They'll be angry. Wages for "workers" will drop everywhere. Resentment, anger will grow against employers and the middle class. 

----------It'll be AT THIS TIME THAT EUROPE WILL BEGIN TO DEVELOP THE CONCEPT OF "CLASS" Workers regarded themselves as "working class." Employers and middle class were seen just as what they were called. "workers" will see THEMSELVES as the source of wealth for their employer; NOT the employers factories as his wealth. The workers were what made $$$. THEY were valuable. Trade unions/associations will emerge

--Artisans would lead the protest since they were usually more educated. However, as factory life became exposed for it's awfulness (sic?) some middle class folks will become sympathetic to the cause and demand reform; especially for child labor. 

----I'll introduce socialism Monday. Honestly guys, this stuff flows pretty easily. You have the "haves"(bourgeoisie, middle class, employers) V. the workers, artisans (proletariat) Unrestrained capitalism (liberal economics) will hurt many people and those hurt will want change. Marx will explain the WHOLE process. 

Family economy of skilled artisan. Dad was in charge and he hired a few servants. His eldest son typically trained to follow in Dad' s footsteps. Wife sold the stuff Dad made. The wives would be KEY to running the family business or shop.WOMEN in the FAMILY ECONOMY!!!----Most information from this from WESTERN EUROPE(remember, western europe historically WAY ahead of Eastern) Marriage econ necessity for women. an artisans daughter would stay at home til she married, watching Mom run the business so she could do it someday. (Girls on farms were different. Girl might move to another place to get a job to save for a dowry) Too often....children were seen as burdens. Another mouth to feed or birth might kill Mom. Or it might be illegitimate, which was a problem. Many of these baby's were victim of infanticide. "Foundling Hospitals" were where unwanted baby's were dropped off. Some baby's would be reclaimed when the parents could afford to take care of them.

 

------REmember the new agricultural methods and techniques were scientific.The result, more efficient crop growth. More crops, more people lived. They had food and livestock were healthier(which provided dairy, sheep wool, etc) Enclosures took away common land. Wealth was the GOAL! The enclosure took farm land away from peasants. Lots of folks' think that this led to the Industrial rev.(more people were now unemployed, needing jobs) this was not the case. The $$ created from this allowed for people to invest in technologies and commercial enterprises. (later, the investors would use it to make textile production more efficient, factories!) 

 

Remember, PROPERTY will be key. These revolutionaries are not heroes of the poor. They are representatives of the bourgeoisie.(Later, things'll change)  You don't own land, you can't/shouldn't vote.The liberals and their ideology will not quite betray the urban and rural poor, but it'll surely forget them.  Won't be a happy ending (Think Russia) 

 

-----Removing restriction to the market place is the key to making money. Artisans and guilds were roadblocks.  The ECONOMIC goals of liberals drove to them to desire profits.  "let's get rid of tariffs! lets promote free trade!

 

--napoleon does a great job of permanently ending the HRE. it'll never get back together following Nap's demise. HOWEVER>>>>> "be careful what you wish for, you just might get it!"  By ending the loose alliance of Germanic state that were not centralized under any real type of authority which was the HRE, these germanic states will grow prouder and interested in their shared relationship and the concept of what they'll call "Volk" or "folk." This is simply the identification of a common language, common history, culture. 

 

---Metternich. Austrian prince who promotes the ideas of "conservatism" A return to monarchies. they 're safer and more predictable. People, as French Rev showed, are crazy. Monarchies are stable. 

 

-Metternich will lead the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon is first exiled. The Bourbon's will be restored to the monarchy. Some of the changes of the Revolution will remain.  France not heavily punished so that they will not be offended and WANT revenge. (this is an awesome point that we'll wish later that others would have granted to Germany following WW1) "The Concert of Europe" was made up of the 4th Coalition members (the four countries who beat napoleon, France will eventually become the FIFTH member) to ensure "Balance of Power" throughout Europe. The era of the "Concert of Europe" is also known as the "Age of Metternich" since is was done and his encouraging; his strategy of squashing republicanism and revolution while maintaining monarchies will exist until ww1 but it's effectiveness only lasts til about 1848.  The Holy Alliance was created right after napoleon's defeat. It was sponsored by Czar Alexander, who was SUPER religions. It's call was to squash ideas of "secularism" and "republicanism." Long story boring....the conservatives and liberals at the congress of vienna will clash. Liberals heavily represented middle class ideas of freedom and free enterprise. Govt, STAY out of economics

 

---Also, w Napoleon dispatching the HRE to history, these Germanic states will, as mentioned above, be more interested in sharing their commonalities and focus on what makes them similar rather than different. ALL behind the power of Prussia. Ironically, this will lay the seed of France being tormented by a united Germany (1871) THREE times: Franco-Prussian War, WW1, WW2

 

Romanticism focused on "emotion" rather than reason and rationalism of the Enlightenment. Romanticism is linked with the conservative revival that follows the end of Napoleon and the return on monarchial dominance in Europe. (thanks Metternich!) Lot's of people were truly horrified by the violence of the napoleonic era and were sort of like "if this is reasoned and enlightened, FORGET IT!" 

 

Napoleon's Council of State was an enormous administrative body that oversaw finance and war. 

Bank of France established in 1800 (During Consulate) which allowed for France to borrow money. ALL important nations BORROW money. He made a more efficient tax system and expanded lots of indirect taxes on stuff like tobacco and liquor. 

 

The Napoleonic Codea(HE WANTED TO BE THE NEW JUSTINIAN OF BYZANTINE EMPIRE, you learned about him in 7th grade) was not perfect AND despite it was spread by a conquering French army, would serve as the basis for codifying laws throughout much of Europe. ALSO!! ALL laws in France would NOW be uniform, the same. It'll have LOTS of laws. Including maintaining the Chapelier laws-no unions allowed. 

*The Code showed napoleon's total belief in the concept of the family. He thought family all important in guaranteeing social order--Although women's rights were severely restricted

 

In 1802, the Legion of Honor created. (Still around today)An award given to those who served France with distinction. Mainly military folks' got it

 

Just like Prussia AND just like the Directory was working on, Napoleon would make higher education  one of the responsibilities of the state. Something like half the population could not read. Schools would create patriotic and obedient schools; SECULAR schools Not religious schools like the Jesuits ran.  Education would link to nationalism.  

 

As Napoleon's conquests spread so did foreign annoyance of him. NO ONE wants to be ruled by foreigners. Napoleon's conquests will serve to unite people against him. ESPECIALLY in German states. Initially, lots of "Germans" welcomed Napoleon. In fact, the Prussian defeat will force them to reform their military. Commoners could now also become officers. (Spain and Russia would ruin France) Writers and musicians in "German states"  started writing things that linked "German" people together. They used to think of French as the language of culture (remember it was the language of the enlightenment) now they saw German as a cool language. Something that was "theirs, German" Music, books, FOLK traditions, language served to unite "Germans" All of this was "emotional." (Super important) The enlightenment was "rational" this new thinking in "Germany" was super emotional, or "Romantic!" 

 

1806-Good bye HRE! Napoleon destroyed it. 

 

Continental System. WANTED TO CRUSH England's economy.  It would prohibit England from trading in continental Europe, which France essentially controlled. It would actually hurt France. 

 

Create a mental timeline of events. The estates General meet due to the financial catastrophe in France. The aristocrats and nobility did not want to pay taxes and said ONLY the Est. General could raise their taxes. Knowing that it would never approve it, the aristocrats/nobility wanted it. 

 

Remember, the Revolution is begun as a bourgeoisie revolution led by the middle class; the propertied, the educated of the third estate. They HATED the aristocracy and the idea of "being born into" an estate. The jacobins were cool with wealth and property AND laissez faire (unregulated) capitalism. The Sans coulotte, who will unite with them were against ALL of those things. 

 

THe Girondins will be led primarily by Brissot who advocates war to unify the people. Robespierre argued saying they would lose. "Other countries would not welcome foreign invaders, however well intentioned."

 

Growing discontent w/ the direction and violence of the revolution will create MANY detractors. Englishman, and fan of American Revolution, Edmund Burke fears it will create tyranny and catastrophe. 

 

August 1792: Attack on the Tuileries will lead the King being arrested, hundreds executed and the official end monarchy in France and the creation of the First Republic. Girondins want exile for king, Jacobins want death. Republicans were supporters of a government WITH NO KING. Essentially, the revolution.

King executed Jan 1793

 

---Fun quote by Mark Twain about the violence "There were two reigns of terror: one lasted a few months and the other a thousand years" (the ancient regime) 

 

Counter Revolutionaries wanted to END the revolution. Reactionaries were typically those who supported a return of the monarchy

 

Spring/summer '1793 Concern of Robespierre: "The dangers come from the middle class (the bourgeoisie, the Girondins often) and to defeat them we must rally the people. (the poor, the sans coulotte)The San coulotte were violent. They were desperate. They had endured centuries of injustice during the ancient regime. They knew they would be crushed if they revolution failed so terror would be necessary. The Austrian and prussian army on their way to Paris would unleash their own "terror" if they could. This is why "terror" was justified. "Them or us." 

 

The Vendee-loyalist stronghold. Seen terrible fighting between french revolutionaries and French monarchists/loyalists. In Nantes, 2000 loyalists were executed by drowning. 

 

Modern conceptions of "right wing" and "left wing" created during the Revolution. Left wing, pro republic anti king, right wing Ok with king. The Mou

 

---As Girondins realized they were being neutralized in Paris, they would flee back to the city. That's one reason why reign of terror was so destructive in Paris-----Robespierre was losing control of everything. Many of his Jacobin friends, who owned land, property, and had wealth became targets of sans coulotte. To "terrify" them he said "terror without "virtue" is useless, without terror, virtue is powerless." 

 

--Committee of Public Safety Created april 1793: met once a week, reelected once a month. "Whatever measures necessary!" they also set up price controls on things, a "law of maximum" to stop speculation on stuff like BREAD. Ironically, ideas of the enlightenment which prompted the rev, like laissez faire capitalism and NO govt control over economy were being ignored in favor of stopping hoarding of bread and speculation. Led by Danton, Robespierre and Carnot. By being harsh they would save the revolution. 

 

--Levee en masse. Aug 1793 forced conscription of men to serve in the military. Women would help as nurses and make stuff, too. The army and promotions would be based on merit and at this point the French army became nearly unstoppable. 

 

 

remember how important the Church was. 

 

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen--Influence by US Dec of independence. Enlightenment. At first the national assembly wanted a constitutional monarchy, like what they had in england.   The Dec of the Rights of man said ALL men are equal and born free. freedom of religion too. Most places in Europe did not allow this. ---It takes power AWAY from king and gives it to the people, it gives SOVEREIGNTY, the ability to rule TO the PEOPLE. Laws would be chosen using the "General will" (think rousseau)---The king is not happy. Lot's of radicals are going to be busy. Lot's of "Hacks" "Grub street hacks.' Bad writers who write "libelous" literature. This had been going on for sometime. These "Grub Street Hacks" had really ruined the reputation of Marie antoinette, calling her an "Austrian Whore." Jean Paul Marat will emerge in the rev as THE loud mouth, the provocateur or hate. His paper is called "The friend of the people" 

Also, pay CLOSE attention to the know relationship between the church and state. The Catholic (Gallican) Church is going to become a part of the state, the govt. The church lands will be confiscated and auctioned off. The Church officials will be hired and paid by the state. --Civl Constitution of the Clergy 

-Slavery banned, accept in colonies

---Be sure to know two things about how women will be effected by the Revolution.(Olympia de Gouges) 

---Louis would cease to be King of France but will now be KING OF THE FRENCH. 

Some problems are emerging. NOT everyone is free and some in the Nat Assembly are annoyed by this. EVERY MAN was now equal before the law but only those who paid

--a year after the fall of the bastille,  the nobles were already threatening to take back power from the people. In the south and west. Some people called for more radical changes (active v passive citizens)

--Various clubs were being formed in within the representatives of the nat assembly.  The Club of Knitters was a women's group in favor of women's rights. The Jacobins(!!!!) were RADICAL and will take power eventually. the Sans coulotte(w/out shorts) were radical parisians. Shop keepers, laborers, NOT opposed to private property but opposed to unearned property. Or...TOO much property:) 

this clip comes from mini series "John Adams." Don't pay attention to Adams. Focus on the decadence of court life in France. This is about 12 year before French Revolution. Remember. most had nothing in France. 80% were peasants. ALSO!! Many third estate people were wealthy and educated and owned business. However, they are denied influence in govt due to their estate. 

---background. France is heavily in debt. Shortly after helping US Colonists a director of national finance (Jacques necker, (super important) says w/out helping US France would be fine. He also blamed debt on high pensions (retirement payments) to aristocrats. Aristocrats hate him, he leaves.

 

 Unfair and inefficient system of taxation. Debt due to 7 years war (AKA french and indian war) and NOW helping the american colonists' in their effort against England. France is broke. ******Let's raise revenue! (money) to pay off debt. Charles Calonne was minister of finance. He proposed ending the gabelle(salt tax) and PAY peasants for specific services with $$ so that they would then spend which stimulates the economy. When people who have no money NOW have money, they spend. It helps the ecnomony. --Also, he proposed land tax, regardless of which estate you belonged. The aristocracy hated this idea and Calonne is gone. Necker iS BACK! The aristocrats thought Necker would be better. THEY ALSO SAID ONLY A MEETING OF THE ESTATES GENERAL COULD RAISE TAXES! It had not met since 1614. The Notables (aristocrats) felt they'd win in the estates general. 

---Louis XVI was scared of this and confrontation so again, Calonne was replaced. The Parlements of france were dominated by aristocrats. They did not want to pay the taxes and the lack of this revenue crippled the monarchy and France. The nobility was winning. They demanded a return to the rights they had before Richeilieu and Louis XIV centralized the govt. *****Loius XVI was weak and was forced to call estates general. This calling **** of the estates general would now let the bourgeoisie(third estate peeps who were educated and often wealthy) face off against the aristocracy. This would ultimately unleash chaos after decades of problems. Bourgeoisie wanted a voice. The middle class bourgeoisie would turn to the tradespeople, creating an alliance. Things would get ugly from here. REVOLUTION! VIOLENCE! TERROR! ROBESPIERRE! Many, many changes are coming to France!

1685-1815 Begins with Newtons "Principia" and ends after napoleon is finally defeated and the Congress of vienna emerges

 

Themes: Freedom, economic freedom (end mercantilism) challenge organized religion, "state of nature"

Where? Throughout England, Scotland, France, Prussia, and Russia. In france(started here) it became associated w anti church and anti govt radicalism.

 

In Germany (states)it reached the middle classes and expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches.Its different everywhere(eventually, its effects will create HUGE german nationalism and lead to its unification into a nation. Used in music and poetry and many thinkers of enlightenment were German. Peter the Great was a patron of enlightened thinkers, Voltaire. He wanted to be like Plato's philosopher king.

 

--Russia-the govt will use ideas to support science and creation of universities. 

--scotland, economic (adam smith) and david hume-(

empiricism) 

--England -Hobbes(although an absolutist monarch guy and supporter of strong gov but supported equality of all men and freedom of people to do whatever they want as long as no law against it( you don't have to just be rich or clergy) Locke..nat rights mary wolstonecraft. FREEDOM OF ALL PEOPLE!

**peter bayle "republic of letters" an equal society governed by knowledge

-----woman hosted salons where ideas were diffused in france

 

----enlightened despotism, monarchs---a type of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment. THEY were still in charge, though:) Prussia (fred great, Catherien Great Russia, Joseph II austria)

 

******over 130 years the Enlightenment was in different places, including American colonies. It meant different things in different places. Economic, political, individual freedom, as well as reform.s. 

 

key people, voltaire, rousseau, locke, hobbes, bayle, smith, hume, goethe, wolstonecraft, diderot, many more!

 

I saw this and it looked kinda cool. 

 

Buchan