AP Euro (Period 2)

Course Description

Terms For Renaissance passed out today (9/3) 1st lecture, primary resource Christine Pizan
-Sept 5 Notes Humanism and Primary Resource-Baldesarre Castiglione (questions)

Posts

Nov 2-Some Tips!

Absolutism-ALL power centralized to the king. He uses a bureaucracy to help him govern throughout the nation. They advise him, he makes decisions. --Absolutism believed in the concept of "divine right." Challenging the king was challenging God. "....Like Adam defying God in the garden of Eden." ---Abolutism. Russia, FRANCE, Spain, Austria----Louis XIV centralizing all authority in France by keeping nobility at Versailles. "The Great Trap". Always partys at Versailles so no one ever wanted to leave. Absolutist France had "intendants" and other royal officials to control the country and collect taxes. Peasants basically paid all taxes. 
***Colbert. Louis XIV econ advisor who favored mercantilism. Mercantislism will help boost the absolutist control of the king. the king has the right to hand out monopolies so those who had access to him could receive these. NO FREE TRADE. Louis lea
ves france broke. REALLY BROKE.
 
Prussia!-Think "Army!" Also, know the king is absolutist. Know  him allowed Junkers, nobles, to rule their own domain and maintain their serfs as long as they remained totally loyal to him. The Soldier king FW II, HATED the idea of court life. He believed people should be disciplined. Prussia creates Compulsory (mandatory) public education. Citizens should be educated to be good citizens. Junkers will send their kids to military schools. 
 
Peter the Great-VERY western Russian Czar. Hated religion (Russian Orthodox Church. It's NOT Catholic and NOT Protestant. It's RUSSIAN) Hates old believers who he thought kept Russia "backwards"
 
England is a great example of Constitutionalism. Parliament, a constitution and a weak monarch. Although, the Stuarts tried to impose absolutism. They also had Catholic sympathies. --Political Party's in England. Tories, rich and really liked the king, pro Anglicanism The Whigs didn't like the king and despised Catholicism
 
Scientific Rev; Primarily begins in 17th Century; known as "Century of Genius"
new ideas emerged on how the universe worked which challenged accepted beliefs. Aristotle had scientific ideas that were later used by Ptolemy in the 300's. The church said "those ideas work for us!" Over a thousand years later, this "scholasticism" or belief in the ideas of aristotle and ptolemy would leave little room for interpretation. Absolutist nations and the church were not big fans of these new scientifics inquiries. (Ultimately, absolutist kings would be ok 'cuz they would lead to new advances in military tech and econ diversity ) Kepler used math and postulated 3 laws of planetary motion. His discoveries REALLY challenged aristotle's claims and those of medieval science.Also, it suggested that God was not needed to move the planets. The sun planets and moon don't circle the earth, we are NOT at the center of the universe! Aristotle believed this to be true, the Church concurred. 
--Math and Descartes( cogito, ergo sum- I think, therefore i am )(1596-1650) and deductive reasoning. "Deducing  a conclusion based on a set of premises, not from scientific observation. Matter (anything w particles that fill a space) can be discovered using math as could motion. God and the material universe can be proved, deduced. Descartes, like kepler were Deists. God is a "clock maker." He made things then stepped back. The idea was that eventually a mathematical rule for everything could be created. 

Great Northern War-Clip and some tips

 
Absolutism emerges in the middle 17th Century. Due in large part to the destruction of the the Wars of Religion and the 30 Years War (Prussia and Austria, Sweden) Also, in Russia.  This was an AWFUL time. Remember, Thomas Hobbes will be an advocate of absolutism because people war awful and have to be controlled. His book Leviathan, speaks of an enormous all powerful govt that will rule, a king. People will give up their freedom to be safe. The "State of Nature" is a terrifying place, according to Hobbes. "The State of Nature" is a natural state with no government. Whereas, John Locke thinks the state of nature is ok. 
 
The Stuarts will have many absolutist tendencies but the the Parliament will not allow this to happen. England was happy to have a monarch back who is NOT Cromwell or even a hardcore Catholic. However, Charles II and then James II are seen as TOO absolutist and Catholic. The Glorious Rev happen when William and Mary are invited. 
 
Remember, Louis XIV is a megalomaniac who is constantly at war.  These war draw the Dutch in. They English are involved(after the Restoration) The HRE are involved. They are all linked to together. Louis' wars are AFTER the Thirty Years War (1618-48)

Richelieu, Absolutism, Louis XIV

Rememeber! I will be available from 2:55 'til 440 to assist on first come first serve basis on FRQ questions. 
 
Cardinal Richelieu did all he could to ensure that ALL authority in France was based with the king. Before him, even with Henry IV, France was really decentralized and nobles wielded enormous power and threatened the position of the king. Sort of like England before Henry VII. This feudalism will be stopped by Richelieu. Secret police, loyal intendants, and TOTAL/absolute control by the king will be made possible and used due to Richelieu destroying the king's enemies, rivals; the nobility. The Huegenot. Richelieu's role in the 30yrs war will help make France the supreme power of Europe. He is not king but he is REALLY, heavily in the mix of running France as CHIEF MINISTER! (Also, 1629!!! Peace of Alais forever weakens Huegenots-no more walled cities, no more private armies ALSO!! Where/What is our poster of Richelieu meant to describe?) He will die and be replaced by his young protege, Cardinal Mazarin. He will continue to serve King Louis XIII, further centralizing power and authority to the king. ------
Mazarin-----Helped France negotiate and end to 30 years war. Carries on Richelieu policies. 
 
The Fronde-a "fronde"is a sling shot. This sling shots were used to fire things at Mazarin's men in Paris. The Fronde, itself, becomes a minor revolt against the government. Young Louis XIV won't forget it! He'll hate Paris and want to get out of town. He'll build Versaille outside the city. 

*****When Mazarin dies, Louis XIV won't replace. HE"LL serve as Chief Minister AND king. As the SUn King, he'll be at the center of French life for decades. 
 
Understand Mercantilism, Who was instrumental in creating th modern French economy? Who restructured French military? What are some of the military adventures Louis XIV will undertake? Where are the Spanish? KNOW THESE! 

Absolutism

Sovereign means leader. "Sovereignty" is a governments legitimacy to rule!
 
also, from 4:52 to the end is helpful, too. 
 
Louis XIV France
Peter the Great Russia
Various Frederick's-Prussia [this state emerges as THE powerful state in the germanic states. Brandenburg was a state in the HRE. It will later inherit, or annex the territory known as Prussia. So it'll be Brandenburg Prussia then just Prussia and then ultimately, months from now, it'll create modern Germany}

Cromwell and BEYOND!

Lord Protector Oliver cromwell. Interegnum 1649-1660  Abolishes the monarchy after the second english civil war. Creates a republic, a commonwealth. The new parliament under this commonwealth are terrible. He gets rid of it (dissolves it) He will use the army to rule England. He will conquer it, conquer scotland, and then Ireland. Cromwell is a religious, military dictator. English life is all Puritan

---M Louis XIV-King of France, the most powerful man in Europe. The epitome of Absolutism. A Catholic (total monarchial rule, centralized authority, TOTAL Uniformity to the state, to the king)

Finally the English will grow tired of Oliver Cromwell and his "protectorate" He'll die and his son, unwillingly takes over. Within 18 month the English invite Charles to be king. He promised to allow religious toleration. Parliament has just been elected, primarily Anglican, and they do NOT want toleration. AT ALL! (no puritans or Catholics in public life. Charles was ok w banning Non anglicans (like puritans, they killed his Dad!) But Catholics.....? A Restoration of the monarchy happens with Charles now Charles II. He learned much from his Uncle Louis XIV Charles reign begins in 1660

---Watch 3:33 to the end

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ROAyFe1_GA

War!! The Dutch. Rich, great ships, financial superpower. Tolerant. They are a threat to English business. Charles will go to war with them. He'll need $$ though! He'll ally himself with Catholic LOUIS XIV!!! Louis promises $$$ 

1665 The Great Plague of London-100k people die. A year later. The Great Fire of London. Whitehall palace destroyed as is much of London. Charles is heroic.

 Due to the crisis, the Dutch have a surprise attack and sail into London, destroying much of the English Navy. England humility. The Dutch are great! Is is their financial system? Is it their religious toleration which made a peaceful nation? Perhaps the English should be more like them. Perhaps they should imitate the Dutch?

Watch 1:20-9:35

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VM3TfxQ8emA     This clip is awesome! It introduces King Louis XIV This gives a great background of the man, his leadership and his centralized control. Absolutism! Baroque! Louis is THE MAN. 

Pre Cromwell

Grand Remonstrance. Dec 1641 was a list of parliamentary complaints. Charles, annoyed, marches into Parliament jan 1642 to arrest the head of parliament, John Pym and some other leaders. They heard he was coming and LEAVE! “my birds have fled” said Charles. He was humiliated and knew he was in trouble. He fled to the country. Built an army. Parliament followed suit. Eventually, Parliaments New Model army(officers would be chosen by merit and skill, not nobility and birth. This is something new!) led by Oliver cromwell wins. Charles captured and humiliated. He makes a deal w the presbyterians in england and scotland saying he'd spread presbterianism throughout england. The puritans (independents) promised to allow all protestant worship. Charles makes deal w scots and presbyterians. Second civil war erupts and new model army crushes scots and charles. Charles arrested. Thomas Pride goes to parliament to arrest those against the parliament. Pride’s Purge. All that are left are puritans. The ‘rump parliament.” they convict charles of treason and execute him.

--Parliament is NOW under the control of the puritans. Cromwell happy! However, he sees that they are typical politicians. He take the New Model Army to dissolve parliament. He COULD have been king. Instead, he calls himself, lord protector. The Instrument of Govt. will be the new law of the law. Cromwell will go on to crush the scots and the irish. He TOUGH, tough military conquering and dictator. He enforces puritanical laws through the british isles. People will grow tired of this and miss the Stuarts!  Clip below!! THIS WILL HELP!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q76j0h1eCTk

English Civil War-Tips

Unlike the other Euro nations, England had a constitutional history {magna carta created a Parliament-relatively weak at first but will begin to assert itself as the 17th century comes along]

The Church of England is led by the King/Monarch. It is very similar to Catholicism in the fact that a central authority leads it. Also, it is hierarchical. Bishops control areas of the country which answer back to the king. -------Puritans{or, the Godly} in England and Presyterians in Scotland don't like this. They prefer more localized, non hierarchical religious control. "Let us do our thing, worship God in a Godly manner. Stay out of our business and CERTAINLY don't tell us how to worship God!"  

____The Stuarts are the new line of English Kings. Coming from Scotland w a weak history of parliamentarinism, James will push them around. They push back w the help of the Puritans who are gaining membership in the Parliament. They were very keen on the ideas of absolutism

Parliament though James TOO Catholic. Made peace w Spain y France. Bethrothed his son Charles to (not before he tried to get him to marry a Spanish princess)Princess Henrietta of France, eased laws against Catholics

---Charles will get his money! Forced loan, impositions, ship money.

Puritans thought Charles was TOO catholic too! His wife. Catholic. He supported Arminians who though Puritans too strict and liked high ceremony {very catholic!} 

***Charles wanted to create religious conformity throughout England, Scotland, Ireland. CENTRALIZED AUTHORITY!! Who'll be upset by this??!!

William Laud will be a very important figure in helping civil war erupt in England----Don't tell the Scots how to worship. Don't make them read a new version of the Book of Common Prayer. They might rebel and Charles might need $$ to put this rebellion down!! Call parliament!! John Pym will lead parliament.....(short parliament, met for one month.)

SAMPLE FRQ

I'm uploading the sample FRQ (mine the conclusion which would be MINIMAL!)that we worked on as a class. While it's not perfect, i feel that as a group we did a nice job of following the prompt and putting together a decent response. Remember, we ALWAYS follow the "Step up To Writing" format. Three body paragraphs and within each body three "concrete details." Paragraph structure: Topic sentence. Then concrete detail (reason,detail or fact. Use transition)  THEN commentary ON That concrete detail (evidence, explanation, or analysis) do that THREE times per body paragraph.  Last sentence of body paragraph is concluding sentence which reiterates your topic (for us, the reformation changed peoples.....)  

Calendar CHANGE!!! Important!!

OCTOBER CALENDAR HAS BEEN EDITED!!! We are changing a few things! We are  a few days behind and so this update will be meant to allow us to catch up better. Sorry for confusion. Each student will be given a hard AND it is available here for download

Spain and the Netherlands

By inheritance, the Netherlands belonged to Spain, Philip II. By nature, the Dutch were very tolerant people. Even though this was the age of religious warfare, religious toleration was accepted in the Netherlands. NOT by the Spanish. ----The Netherlands was a VERY independent place. THey were not fans of a centralized authority. Political autonomy (independence) over religious beliefs was a way of life for the Dutch. 

---The Spanish wanted to assert their authority and begin to oppress the Dutch. REligious control and then taxes will upset the Dutch. 

****Who were the "Sea Beggars?"

The Spanish Fury was similar to the Sack of Rome. Unpaid mercenaries went around Antwerp killing about 7000 people.THIS INFURIATES THE DUTCH! The ten Catholic, Southern provinces of the Netherlands unit with the Protestant Northern Provinces. THIS WAS KNOWN AS THE PACIFICATION OF GHENT!!!! Religous sovereingty (similar to Peace of AUgsburg and Edict of nantes) The Dutch were united in the cause of kicking out the Spanish. 

****Constant fighting wears people out. Some of the SOuthern provinces make peace w Spain and form the Union of Arras whereas the other Northern Provinces for the Union of Utrecht

***PHilip offers a "Dead or alive" bounty of William of Orange (page 400) THe Norhtern provinces unite around this and William! (1581)!! THe Dutch Republic is formed!  Those Southern Dutch provinces are known as "Spanish Netherlands" and ultimately become Belgium 

***JOhn Knox had worked with John Calvin. He takes Calvinist ideas backt ot Scotland. They form the Presbyterian Church. 

Thirty Years War-----Most deadly/destructive war in Europe until WW 2. Massive loss of life. Religion hatred and intolerance was a major issues. 

 

***************************Look at map of page 407  AND 408 IT WILL HELP!!!!!

Youtube clip! Unit Test-Next Tuesday Oct 14

Our unit test is coming! I am moving it up a few days for the interest of time. BINDER CHECK! This will be due the day of the actual test. The test will be appx 20 MC questions and an FRQ. Today, we are lecturing. I will be doing frq instruction throughout week and will be holding TWO (you are eligible for one) workshops/tutorial/review this Thursday AND Friday after school at 305pm until 415 pm 

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMmNKYrp-4U&index=8&list=PLfzs_X6OQBOyDGOzZItg2wHAZLetAuFbi

**********The City of Paris is (in the context of where we are now) the home of the French monarchy. It is VERY Catholic. The rural are is less. Occupied heavily by the nobility with whom they identify more with Calvinism. Henry III of the France will be the last of Valois kings. Henry of Navarre (aka Henry IV) will convert to Catholicism. He had been a protestant (and will secretly remain one )saying "Paris is worth a mass!!" Catholics distrusted him and his fellow Protestants saw him as a traitor. However, he will be beloved after his death. Was seen as brave, determined, caring. "A chicken in every pot!" Paid nobility to behave rather than fight them. With his ascendancy to the throne, he will become the FIRST of the Bourbon kings of France; the MOST important and powerful of the French royal families. They were seen as "men" whereas the Valois were a bit more effeminate. Henry IV's marriage to Princess Margot (or marguerite, or Margaret de Valois) remember, was a political one to meant quell religious fighting between protestants  (Huegenot's) and Catholics. It wa an unhappy one. No kids. Henry IV will get an annulment and marry ANOTHER Medici, Marie de Medici (A HUGE part of history!!!)