From 1848 til really the end of class no man's influence is arguably greater to our class discussion, economic development, revolution, etc than that of German born Karl Marx. Marx is NOT ethnically German; he is Jewish. I make this comment for you to understand that the man who will design the themes behind radical socialism and then ultimately communism is NOT German but Jewish. These will be important themes with where we're going. He thought the Utopian socialists like Saint Simone and Fourier and thought there critique on capitalism was good but JUST NOT clear enough. It was "scientific" enough for him. He will adopt the posture of "scientific socialism." Science and research (more than the technocracy of saint simone) will be driving force in Marx's writings. Marx studied the idea of Hegel (another german writer) who wrote of history as ever evolving. The Historical dialectic that Marx talks about in his Communist Manifesto(co written w friedrich engels) say the NATURAL evolution of society things is that new overthrow the old. He starts his diabetic by looking at and addressing the french rev> Just as the bourgeoisie realize their CLASS and work to develop capitalism, overthrow the old regime and feudalism, a NEW class will ultimately emerge to overthrow them; that of the proletariat. The industrial revolution created the proletariat. Unrestrained capitalism/laissez capitalism created it. It created the terrible working conditions, the poor pay, the miserable lives. Commericalism had the bourgeoisie to power(govt, parliaments, etc) which help further develop the industrial revolution which helped create a growing "proletariat" class. "By creating the proletariat, the bourgeoisie had sown the seeds of it's own demise." Socialism would replace capitalism when the proletariat took over. how would they take over? VIOLENT REVOLUTION. OVERTHROW govts, parliament. To guys like Marx and his followers, Parliaments and elected political bodies were tools of the bourgeoisie. Why? Cuz the bourgeoisie elected t hem!!! Remember, the franchise was only offered to a select few.NOT the wretched poor, the battered worker, the proletariat. There was no way to negotiate w them because they did not represent the people; they represented bourgeoisie. W the proletariat, the STATE 

"The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains"! Marx---in reference to revolution. The communist STATE would own the means of the production. The individual would not own the means of production (laissez faire, capitalism) the state would provide services and protection. ******** marx saw the June Days in France(1830 revolutions, ...you know..."To the barricades!!!") as a dress rehearsal for the proletarian struggle against the bourgeoisie. Remember, it failed and Louis Philippe is installed as King of the French. He's bourgeoise in all things. 

 

CONTRARY to this you have Proudon's ANARCHY! They say "the state?"  We HATE The state!!!!!! DESTROy IT!!! Marx believed "anarchism was utopian socialism, it was not scientific. BOTH will emerge as Revoutionary ideas which spring from the economic and social inequalities of industrial rev. 

i liked this one very much 

 

Russia's policy of "Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationalism makes them different from the west in many ways. For example, their policy of Orthodoxy, which was advertised in newspapers, journals, and schoolbooks, was everywhere. The russian orthodox faith was the basis for everything in Russia. It was the basis of Russia's education system (schools and universities), their morals (what they determine is right or wrong in the eyes of their faith), and life intellectually. It controls Russia's people's thoughts. In schools, they were taught about God and Church and their faith and how social mobility is not good. This is different from the West bc countries in the west like Britain like separation of church and state. In britain or liberal/enlightened countries in the west, you will not find schools having catholics as part of their curriculum. This is the effect of Enlightenment ideas that reason and thought and understanding are the basis of life, and not religion. Russia is not enlightened at all. It is backwards and not as progressive. Russia's theme of autocracy is similar to the west in the fact that it is conservative. It has a government with one central leader, king, or czar Nicholas I in russia's case. This ruler/tsar has sole power, they control every aspect. They support mercantilism, the economics of conservatism. Russia is conscious of the nobles. It loves the Old regime. It is fond of tradition, privilege, all aspects of the Old regime. It uses a standing army like conservative countries.  Most states in the west (ex: Spain, Prussia) with the exception of britain, were conservatives like Russia. The theme of "Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationalism" is similar to the west bc it supported nationality. Russians were bonded and united by the fact that they have same cultures, languages, past. They were one, they were a united russia, a glorified russia. They were proud to not be tainted by the evils of the West. Russia hated the West. In the same way, "Germany" and "italy" in the West were trying to unite as well.

the conservative return to power with the congress of vienna. "The Bourbons are BACK." In frnace. Louis xvi brother who'll be louis xviii is crowned the new key. He dies, no heirs. His brother Charles x works desperately to reinstate ideas of the ancien regime and remove any form of parliamentarians that remained following the Restoration of the Bourbons. The Catholic Church once agains the OFFICIAL religion of france, no longer the majority. The press is restricted and so is speak, sorry Grub Street Hacks! Basically, the dude is trying to turn back the clock. THEN july 1830 the people revolt. The July Monarchy will be born. He cousin, Louis Philippe (not not king louis philippe) is the new key. He's the Bourgeoise king! LOOK at pics of him He does not look anything like Charles X or louis xviii or xvi, etc by his dress! He dresses like a banker! A business man! "I'm one of YOU GUYS!!" a propertied, business man. The Bourgeoisie continue to be a growing force in society; first in france and then the rest of the way throughout Europe. Attorney, bankers will be at the heart of this new bourgeoisie. SO will the business men who've invested $$$ into promoting efficiency and built factories. The policies of economic liberalism, laissez fair, free trade, end of the guilds/banning of unions. They have worked HARD to become part of the the middle class, the bourgeoisie. They don't want to fall out of this class. That being said, it became SUPER hard to enter the bourgeoise; social mobility became near impossible. Wages will drop, working conditions for the growing working class who will be called the Proletariat, and resentment will grow. Social reformers will emerge to see "what can we do to help?" Engels called the mill towns, the factories, the Satanic Mills. When Marx and Engels write the Communist Manifesto(1848!!!!!!!!!!) they conclude the Bourgeoisie and the policies of economic liberalism have enslaved the working class, the proletariat. They have one option: REVOLUTION. *********** Marx will speak of what's called the Historical Dialectic. Marx spoke of the French Bourgeoisie in 1780's recognizing the birth of their CLASS Consciousness; their desire to be part of society. It will be this bourgeoisie desire for change will lead the revolution. Marx says that the natural evolution of things, the order the Historical Dialectic is that as soon as the Proletariat Recognize THEIR class consciousness that they will overthrow the BOURGEOISIE and create a communal, fully equal society. Class distinction, economic distinction, religious distinction and NATIONAL****** distinction will disappear. 

 

1st. NATIONALISM...we go BACK to FRANCE. "What is the 3rd estate?" Abbe Sieyes? EVERYTHING, the NATION. Not the clergy, not the NOBILITY. Also....when the Rev wars get crazy and the Prussians are threatening Paris, the LEVEE En Masse of the French people, the NATION, pushed the conservative order of the 1st Coalition OUT. Go PEOPLE, go NATION. ----Then years later when Napoleon occupied so much of Europe NATIONALISTIC movements united people to get Napoleon out of their country! None other than the germanic states. When Nap beats em he ENDS the Ancient HRE&puts in place Confederation of the Rhine. States fighting for Nationhood against conservativism will be belgium, "italys", "germanys" "Poland--AGAINST THE RUSSIANS!!!!" "austria at some point." 

 

***"German Nationalist Movement--Founded on "Passion, emotion, the past, UNITY, brotherhood, Xenophobia, ROMANTICISM, GERMAN CULTURE"---Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, AKA Father Jahn. School teacher, really the inventor of gymnastics. He saw sports and gymnastics as a healthy pursuit of young german men who must be healthy in order to kick the French/Napoleon OUT of germany. Interesting dude. TOTAL hatred towards anything French due to NAP. So much of euro culture looked like france. French culture, thought, clothes were omnipresent throughout Europe. Who wore French clothes? The nobles. Who acted French? The Nobles. HATE The nobles.  Father Jahn and his followers will move to attack NOT JUST NAPOELON but the whole of French society. THAT INCLUDES The revolutionary ideas of 1789 (liberty, fraternity, equality) THESE are NOT German ideas, they're foreign. Let's unite behind our volkgeist(soul of our people) OUR german culture and our themes. His LIBERALISM rested in his belief in nationalism. 

 

"Poles, French, priests, aristocrats and Jews are Germany's misfortune." Father Jahn  As you can see, these are not really liberal ideals. 1800's to 1820 w Jahn influencing was known as the TURNVEREIN,  or "gymnast movement." Remember, he was a gym instructor and thought gymnastics good for german men. So, BEFORE the 1840's the Turnverein will be seen as restrictive, not open to foreign ideas, STRICTLY german. IN the 1840's the Turnverein will be back as a liberal group that focuses on traditional liberal ideology(religious tolerance, laissez faire, suffrage, nationalism, et) 

 

 As i mentioned, he was a school teacher and back in the day the only kids who went to school were boys. He had a huge following of them. They were in awe of his ideas of german nationalism and identity. He was an athlete and a scholar who will really be one of the organizers of the Wartburg Festival. Again, GERMAN ideas. German religion is NOT Catholicism(LET THE AUSTRIANS HAVE THAT!) it's Lutheranism. Martin Luther, the great reformer was GERMAN. The festival takes place at wartburg castle where Luther had translated the bible into German(GO GERMANY!)  300th anniversary of 95 Theses. An anniversary of a defeat OVER napoleon. Again, it's anti foreign. These young boys form Burschenschaften, student groups, fraternities throughout university in "germany." Together they go to warburg festival, burn catholic things, burn books(this will become more familiar as a tactic of later german intolerance seen in again in 20th century---synthesis) This sort of activity is so loud that Austrian conservative mettternich freaks out. He's like NO WAY. Not while i'm around. Remember, Metternich is Austrian> What's going to happen is that austria(catholic) is going to be at the head of the German confederation and will and continue to have rivalries w the northern states which are close to Prussia. Metternich is nervous. He bans to burshcenschaften in the carlsbad decrees. As a conservative, metternich was fearful of liberal ideas. Also as a conservative he was afraid of LIBERAL ideas relating to NATIONALISM, the people!

 

 

A few years later Father Jahn arrested. However..he has influenced a young kid. A theology student name Karl Sand. Sand is inspired to MURDER an author/playright who's books were INCREDIBLY popular, pro french, made fun of certain german traditions. and who's book had been burned. Sand, as a "romantic" thought that he was saving the honor of germany. Murders Kotzebue, the playwright. 

 

The german colors of red, black and gold have multiple meanings. For our class...we'll point out that they were the colors of the soldier's uniforms who fought napoleon in 1813ish. THEN, since these soldiers fought a nationalistic war of liberation fro napoleon, the Burschenscaften will adopt them as theirs. Red, black flag w golden oak leave type things. In the 1840's during the era of Spring of Nations (nationalist movements throughout europe-----2nd semester!) the traditional idea of german flag created. 

 

let me know if i can help you. BE SURE TO READ. BE SURE TO UNDERSTAND  FRENCH REV 1830 

Remember, all megalomaniacs like to create an image of themselves as the GREAT savior, the great leader. PROPAGANDA will be something that will serve this cause throughout history y w napoleon it's no different. With him...."Every Frenchman could say during my reign,---I shall minister(of state), a military officer, duke, count, baron, IF I EARN IT---Even KING!" While he definitely ignored many of the goals of the French he no doubt preserved some of it's greatest achievements. The Rule of REASON w his Napoleonic code which stated equality of all people before the law, personal freedom, and the right to be one's property. His "career" open to all talents no doubt was something that the middle class supported. It would be them who would benefit greatly from this; they did not have the noble blood which in ancien regime would have guaranteed them, regardless of skill, a place at the table of govt and power." (remember, the middle class and military supported his return in the 100days.) The myth of Napoleon, this Romantic hero is probably one of the greatest legacies he has. Remember, he sounds like a cool enlightened guy..a champion for the people against the privilege of conservativism but in actuality, he was a war monger, a man who destroyed his political enemies, etc. Will the hero return to France again? Even from St Helena? Of cousre not! But a fans of Napoleon could hope and dream

 

His changes to the landscape of europe will be immense. He destroys the HRE which become the Confederation of the Rhine and then after the Congress of Vienna secures conservative principles throughout Europe, they'll change it to the GERMAN Confederation. AUSTRIA will be the most significant (remember, they'd been the big guy int he HRE but PRUSSIA will become a rival. PRussia=lutheran, and Austria is SUPER catholic)  The birth of nationalism throughout europe in both in "italy" and "germany" will help guide these peoples to seek a true nation. Other "nationalities" in old empires will follow suit. 

 

Guys...Napoelon is HUGE. Super huge. However, regardless of the political landscape that followed, the economic and from THERE The social changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution will be even more transformative. (It started in england. remember...#englandisdifferent )!

 

====I'd like to get back to the theme of music and the rights of the WRITER to profit from it and perform it to whomever is willing to pay. Mozart was really the first guy to focus on this. He was a performer, someone who at first was stuck w a patron. Soon, he'll seek to make it on his own, selling his work to the public. He'll never earn the dough that later musicians will. Guys like Beethoven, who really were a bridge between Classical Music and Romantic music, will be the big beneficiaries of Mozart's desire to see the artist as free to sell his music in the free market. He'll be loaded with money. He's a great artist! He deserves the rewards of his talent; acclaim or financial! 

1st! We ALL need 2 work on utilizing HIPPO. (Example from science DBQ) The belief in Divine Right did not always negate the support of science. Louis XIV was a great admirer of science and advocated the creation of new scientific academies (Doc 7) As absolutist king of France and supporter of divine right, even Louis the XIV saw the military as well as economic advantages to promoting science.-----BOOM.

 

Elizabethan DBQ! Speaking before her soldiers before the spanish armada was expected to land in England, Elizabeth said to her soldiers "I know I have the body of a feeble woman, but i have the heart and stomach of a king, and a KING of England.."(doc 7) Recognizing that in England's most dire moment, Elizabeth's soldiers needed to believe they would be safe. Unfortunately, she could not say, LOOK! I"m elizabeth, the toughest QUEEN in England's history. She had to equate herself w/ being a King, a dude, a warrior. The fact was that iin Europe, women were seen as inferior to men. She needed to show confidence that SHE was there for HER MEN---Something like that....You gotta take the doc use it to support the prompt. Take in to account WHO is saying it and TO WHOM is it BEING SAID TO!!? 

 

*****ok...here we go. The MOMENT, the guy we have all been waiting for. Napoelon Buonaparte (napoleon bonaparte, this the one we want, the former is CORSICAN)----The ONLY person who has more books and articles written about him is Jesus. Fact. The man transformed history. Conservative? Enlightened? War monger? Advocate of France's role in promoting equality?  First...he was BORN in Corisa. VERY proud of it.

--------"As the nation (corsica) was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me..." France would take corisa in battle. He would be given the opportunity to get a scholarship to study as a teenager in France, (JUST LIKE ROBESPIERRE!!!) He was a Jacobin and is and WAS alway a believer in STRONG CENTRALIZED authority. Power comes from Paris. He was an advocated of "careers open to all men."(this was a concept that rebuked tradition, privilege that was centrale to the Ancien Regime.---"You GET because you ACHIEVE!") So, this being said, he'll be against unions. He'll make peace with the Catholic Church. Not a believer in religion but recognized it's historical role in france and how damaging it had been when it was removed. FRANCE needed a HERO. They need a man who would fix the country. Save the country. Make France GREAT! The ideas of the rev were spreading...remember..the Girondins had advocated war to spread the ideas. Well....Napoleon was probably alive because he was gone from France so much during the apex of the Terror. He became a BRILLIANT military commander. A dude who came from nothing (well..his family were ennobled but POOR) and rose to because master of Europe.) This concept of HERO is central to ROMANTICISM. His military adventures will inadvertently lead to the creation of NATIONALISM throughout Euorpe. WHEN he destroyed conservative govts people began to identify as part of a nation. Also, his occupation of THEIR country rallied folks behind the concept of "our country must fight off the foreign invader." This will be central in what will become "ITALY" and what will become "GERMANY." Remmber, none of this nations existed yet. THE HRE still existed. However, more and more, people began to identify w/ being "german" Beethoven even though Napoleon great because he was such an advocate for enlightenment ideals. He was a figure who promoted the INDIVIDUAL! However...when Napoleon becomes a War monger, spreading war and chaos throughout Europe, he'll change his mind. WHERE is army went, much of the Enlightenment followed. 1. Career open to all, B. an end to serfdom, C. legal code---HIS CRITICS (especially in england. HATE him. "He was a tyrant. betrayed the enlightenment, Propagandist, Pushed back capitalism decades due to war, hurt ideas of reason and created strong Romanticisim which UNLEASHED THE FURY of what will become ULTRANATIONALISM in Germany." A complicated dude. 

 

----One last thing Romanticism is born following/during Napoleon. Folks will look for truth not in politics, rationalism and the enlightenment BUT INSTEAD through emotion, experience. BUT just like the enlightenment, ROMANTICS BELIEVED in Human capabilities. 

 

 

Marianne! When the First Republic of France is born in 1792, all statues of the King are removed. Marianne is the SYMBOL of liberty, freedom, equality. Ironically, women (Marianne is a woman!) have NO political rights in France. 

 

The Girondins, from the countryside of France, sat on the LEFT (left wing) They believed in free trade, an end to tariffs, and the monarchy. In addition, they wanted to spread the war BEYOND France's borders to "liberate" the other kingdoms of Europe. (Notice i say "kingdoms" and not nations. Nations' sovereign r the people. Kings were the sovereigns of "kingdoms.) Free trade, laissez faire capitalism,speech, etc throughout Europe. REVOLUTION! They were NOT keen on what they believed to be the Jacobin attempt to CENTRALIZE the revolution in Paris. They were in favor of a "federal" system. That is ....SHARING power between the Departments AND the central govt, Paris. The Jacobins, ALSO on the left wing (they sat at the top, the "mountain" the montanards") They want to CENTRALIZE authority in Paris. They are AGAINST the war! Robespierre fears they'll lose and LOSE the Revolution. Work on enlightenment ideals if France...for example, give the right of citizenship to ALL males. The right to vote, participate in THEIR govt. Being that the Jacobins sided w the Sans Culotte and the other working class who were greatly effected by the RISING price of bread(Free market! HIGH demand, LOW supply!) They'll support a Law of Maximum on bread. The GOVT should serve to REGULATE the economy in an effort to help those who are struggling by limiting the price of bread. Soon....the Church will be banned in France. The Cult of the Supreme Being....DEVOTION TO REASON! Not to a god or God. Reason is the NEW religion! It was meant to unite France. The weeks will become ten day weeks. The months, named after seasonal changes.

 

So yo have various stages of the French Rev. The Rev is complicated in the sense that it goes from being an effort to reform taxation, to a rev to give power to the bourgeoise, to a rev that is taken over by more “left” leaning radicals to a rev that will have a military dictator.The Jacobins. What happens during the rev is that all sorts of “clubs” emerge in Paris. These clubs are kindda like political parities. The Jacobins met at church or something named St Jacob(or something like that so that’s where they get their name. Churches were big a provided ample meeting space. they, however, will be anti Religion and work to get rid of the catholic church.)