"Discuss the ways in which European Jews were affected by and responded to liberalism, nationalism, and anti-Semitism in the ninteenth century." Jews were affected by the Emancipation Acts, the new ideas on blood nationalism coupled with questionable science, and will respond by seeking a Jewish homeland
for point one--talk about how jews benefited from the emancipation acts how things changed for them (good or bad), two blood nationalism (you could talk about latter 19th century was obsessed w scientific explanations regarding natural selection, race, blood, etc)and then speak on Zionism.
"Discuss the ways in which European Jews were affected by and responded to liberalism, nationalism, and anti-Semitism in the ninteenth century."
ONE point for someone who CONTRASTS Bernstein's Revisionism w Karl Marx and violent revolution! The stipulation is that it must be done in 20 words or less.
I will not accept any responses 'til 1155 and will not review any after 1240. Max 6 points
First! Thinking about Marx, marx believed that the COMMUNIST party would be led by what he’ll refer to as a “Vanguard of the proletariat” Vanguard is like the top, the leaders, the best. Ultimately, they’ll lead the way, inspiring the workers to keep going towards revolution. After the proletariat overthrew the bourgeoisie THEN the STATE “would wither away.” After the “state” was gone, then there would be no need for the Communist party!(Now, in the Soviet uNion, where we are headed….the Party will be EVERYTHING. It’s not going ANYWHERE! For that matter, neither will the idea of “nationalism” Russian nationalism) It would disappear. From there, there would be a loosely organized workers' democracy where workers would organize and elect democratically those to make decsisions in the form of councils.
One misconception of Marx is that it was ANTI democratic. That’s not entirely true. What you get is universal suffrage, genderless society, NO concept of the “the nation” just the people. Of course we remember Marx’s view on parliaments; he said “they were instruments of the bourgeoisie” since before any proletariat revolution ONLY those w land, wealth, could vote; “bourgeoisie.” SO!!!! DESTROY the parliament, VIOLENT overthrow! Once this happens…..CO-OPERATION Vs. COMPETITION!!!!!!!!
ITALY! The dream is achieved! For almost 2k years, “Italy” was nothing more than a collection of different city state, a couple kingdoms, a republic, etc. There was NO Italy. The ideas FOR an Italy really begin to start again during the Renaissance. Guys like Bocaccio(the Decameron) Dante Alghieri (divine comedy---which’ll be written in Tuscan “italian” and serve as basis for n. Italian Italian!) and Machiavelli in the Prince called for a dude to emerge to unite “Italy” into one strong state. As you all know, the spread of nationalism from the Napoleonic wars will reawaken this feeling BUT it had been around since the Renaissance. 1848? It ultimately fails.
1870-1 Franco Prussian War (DO YOUR READING!) also...what you have here is Napoleon III who was a protector of the Pope in Rome forced to move his troops protecting the Pope in Rome from Italy MOVE his troops to fight the Prussian. Nap III soldiers GONE, Italy swoops in. Rome now part of Italy! The Pope, no longer is charge is NOW only the boss(besides being the leader of the worlds' catholics) in charge of St. Peter's basilica and some of the land around it; the Vatican! Pope Pius IX is furious. This will lead to real friction between the Pope and the Kingdom of Italy(constitutional monarchy!!!) for decades. You'll have liberal reforms including separation of church and state FOR decades until the 1920;s. More later.
“Germany” COULD have happened in 1848. The Frankfurt assembly, which called for LIBERAL reforms at the expense of the conservative class/junkers was all set to allow the King of Prussia to lead a “Germany” as a constitutional Monarchy. Remember, in the 19th century, the idea of a constitutional monarchy was quite liberal. You’d have a parliament, which’d give the PEOPLE a voice and an executive to ensure the people’s voice in parliament was respected (the king). Fredrick Wilhelm IV said “NO WAY.” I won’t take my crown from the gutter! He WOULD, however, accept the crown if elected by the various German Princes…basically, this guy wanted to reinstate the HRE w Prussia at the head. “Thanks but no thanks.” That’d be in like 1849. Ultimately, there WILL be a Parliament in Prussia. Only a small handful of men could vote. Those who paid the most in taxes; the King could also appoint peope to positions(doesn’t matter but I just wanted to let you know.) The PEOPLE don’t make kings Kings…God (divine right) and OTHER kings do(being elected by fellow “german” princes.) A german nation will not be made by the people, or by parliaments, or constitutions” it’ll be made from Blood and IRON! War will unite Germany. Wilhelm I(he was king of PRUSSIA!!) will be the first Emperor, “Kaiser” of the German Empire or “2nd Reich.” (1871)He is NOT crowned by the people, but by the ARMY, the Junkers, the Nobility. There is a great painting of this coronation which takes place at the Palace of Versailles(think who lived there and had it built!!! This was a message, a symbol)
The Kaiser will rely on the Chancellor to run day to day stuff. The Chancellor answers to one dude, the KAISER! You do have a parliament created but it really has little power. Germany is created based on Prussian values, military and the Junker class. The Junkers are the nobility, Bismarck was a Junker. Remember, the noblitly are from the countryside. They rule the land and are more than happy w the ideas of tradition, privilege, and conservativism!!) The urban centers will have a really small voice. The German Empire has lots of catching up to do and will have England, the most powerful country in the world on their radar
The Revs of 1848 really marked the FIRST time workers demanded and FOUGHT for political rights. It called for Universal suffrage, free press, many cases equality for women. Also, peasants——who ALMOST ALWAYS supported the conservative order and the church, sided w workers to demand change!****Ultimately, these rev throughout euro FAIL. WHY do we care? Folks in “germany’ and “italy” lose but have united in a cause to create a unified country. They will not be stopped again.
A “mob” is a HUGE, angry group of people. It can also be used to just to describe “the people.” Consider who might think of the “the people” as a Mob!?
*** “Italy” does not exist. Lots of “italian” states. Some of the Northern states actually belong to catholic AUSTRIA. Austrian empire BIG. VERY diverse. Hapsburgs still rule. Northern “ITalian” states will rebel against Catholic austria!. OTHER southern italians states will say “let’s help!!” The is the ruler of Rome.
ALL workers, the Proletariat(!) are essentially the same. The ideas of Marx had no national boundary, no religious difference, no gender inequality. ALL workers share the same thing GLOBALLY. They had been oppressed by the economic inequality of laissez faire capitalism. His historical dialectic....(based on research, scientific inquiry) said that it was inevitable for the the proletariat to OVERTHROW the bourgeoise(who oppressed them) just as the BOURGEOISIE had overthrown the Old Regime in France in 1789
++++Expanding the franchise, the right to votes gives a larger part of the population a voice. England recognized this. France, and the rest of europe's govt. DID NOT.
France Revolution. BASED ON social/economic inequality! (Marx actually said this French Rev 1848(the june days( would be a dress rehearsal for a later Proletarian revolution AGAINST the bourgeoisie) It STARTS in FEB 1848(!)2nd Republic born, Louis Philipple GONE! Drama begins in feb. Euro nations nervous w what they saw(think WHY? Base on france's rev history....) Part of the reason for the unrest was a terrible economy. Lots of unemployment, like HALF of Paris. A temporary govt created. This temp gov will create national workshops to employ the unemployed. Bread prices will be reduced (annoying folks in countryside) The national workshops prove really expensive and wealthy are like “why do we have to pay for this” & then the GOV ran out of $$ to pay for ‘em!!! JUNE! the workshops closed. Parisian workers rose in rebellion! BACK TO THE BARRICADES!!! “June Days” The gov and soldiers from conservative provinces in france came to paris and crushed the rebellion. The temp govt restricted speech, assembly. The temp gov would become PERMANENT w nov elections. who would run???
Louis napoleon was popular due to his name. Romantics believed “this is the guy!!” really, due 2 his name. he wins in a landslide. He represents the “party of order.” The assembly will elect lots of socialist from BIG cities and NOW EVEN the countryside! They want CHANGE. More $, no more tax on wine, banks 4 the poor, free public schools. nOW!! 1850!!What do lots Machiavellian leaders do when threatened? They say “there is a plot!! Someone has tried to kill me! Louis Nap NO different. Bans old revolutionary symbols, hats, colors, tri color, cuts down liberty trees, workers associations (not unions) BANNED, public schools were turned over to the Church to run.(Falloux Law) In May 1850, the assembly (which has many socialists but only 1/3) ban universal male suffrage. (Dec 2, 1851)Since Louis Nap was constitutionally only allowed to serve ONE term, he just will declare himself Emperor! End of 2nd rep, birth of Louis Napoloeon iii and 2nd Empire. Ironically, or coincidentally it’s the same day that his uncle declared himself emperor decades before. This was a COUP. Workers, artisans, peasants fought Loius Nap to save the republic but are beaten.
EXTRA CREDIT DONE>
Four points extra credit points for the THREE best responses to the following. IN your own words, in tenth grade language. If it looks like it was copied and pasted you get nothing for the rest of the year. “England avoided revolution due to it’s ability to gradually introduce reforms. How will the Reform Bill of 1832, the repealing of the Corn Law, AND the Catholic Emancipation Act help avoid revolution in England? Why was gradual reform better than NO reform? GO!—I will stop accepting emails at 710pm
