***PLEASE REMEMBER THIS. Germany was founded by MILITARISTIC, CONSERVATIVE ideology of Prussia. The war ends with a DEMOCRACY, Weimar Democracy, apologizing for the war. Weimar SIGNS the surrender. It resembled a liberal democracy of sorts. It was diverse, LIBERAL, and apologized for teh war. Imagine if you served in the Kaiser's army. Imagine if when the war ended you were still occupying parts of France. YOU WOULD HATE WEIMAR AND ALL it stood for. 

 

Let's remember that in Russia they believed in that triad of Nationalism, Orthodoxy, and Autocracy. The Czar was at the center of this belief as SOLE head of the country and religious leader. This Czar, Nicholas the II is dumb. He's really dumb. He likes to be Czar but hates to work, no interest in it. Also....he's married to a German woman who was educated in England. SHE IS A TOTALY WESTERNER!!!!!! Russians always distrust the west and she was no different. As the war went badly, they blamed her saying that she was secretly spying on Russia for Germany. She was NOT spying. BUT....in a country tired of war angry at their idiot king (remember, the humiliating defeat by Japan in the Russo_-Japanese war?) she, like marie antoinette will become the symbol of absolutism, of decadence and a need for change. After russo japanse war, there is a revolution--1905. 

 

***Note, like Austrian-Hungarian Empire russia was SUPER SUPER DIVERSE. Lots of nationalities in it's empire. What do nationalities crave by the end of the 19th century and certainly by 20th? 

 

Rev of 1905. People are angry. Poor, nationalities(mad due to russification by super conservative Alex II--he also hated jews. His son Nickolas not much better) , liberals, the educated. The Liberals will demand that the Czar create a Duma---a Parliament that will help he lead. essentially what the liberals wanted was a constitutional monarchy that would rule. They will demand free speech, elections, freedom of religion(liberal ideas) 

 

October Manifesto written by Sergei Witte stopped the strikes in st petersburg. It was given to the czar to sign and granted formation of POLITICAL parties, basic civil rights, extending the franchise, AND creation of a Duma. the czar whined and was angry but signed. CONSERVATIVES furious. There is a conservative backlash in Russia. Liberals, socialist, AND jews targeted. 

 

***The Russian Socialist Democratic Labor Party was an outlawed party from the 1880's til 20th century. Rooted in Marxist goals.  Lenin will join it in like 1902. Two groups, "factions" {think Jacobins V Girondins in French rev) emerge. The Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. Lenin will lead the Bolshevik faction, it will be HIGHLY centralized, disciplined and will focus on the educated workers. The "Vanguard" will lead. The people will follow and obey. What we'll get w Lenin's version of "Communism" is not the idea of communism espoused by Marx.(w marx, suffrage, free speech, etc) Lenin will say that a Vanguard will tell you what to do. You will obey. You'll essentially get "state capitalism." (ill explain later. 

Belle Epoque! Fin de Siecle (end of the century) These areas, especially the former were used to describe the period of time FROM 1871(birth of germany AND third Rep in France) to World War 19(the end of empires)  NEW Art! Science! Culture, FREE TIME! Art exhibits!

 

After the Franco Prussia was was finished following the Battle of Sedan, people in Paris saw that they had a chance to BREAK with France and it's new Third Republic (remember, 2nd empire comes to an end after franco prussian war) Red Posters(red is the color of the PEOPLE, of revolution, of challenge to the status quo) are hung throughout the city. They will create a commune (Communards) of folks in Paris who want to transform France into a federation of separation city like states. Leaders of the Paris Commune came from groups like socialists, Jacobins(REMEMBER THEM!) and even republicans who wanted Paris to be a capitol of secular, and clerical government. Lots of the revolutionaries thought Louis Blanqui and his ideas of national workshops were great. In fact, many things they accomplished in it's short history were 1. A labor exchange. Unemployd workers could go to the city and find out about jobs. 2. NO MORE NIGHT BAKING! Think about how important this would be. Bakers would have more free time because they wouldn't have to bake all night long preparing bread for the market. 3. Nurseries for mothers who could find work were created. These nurseries would afford women the opportunity to seek employment because their children could now be cared for. women gained many rights and clubs were started all throughout Paris supporting this idea. Overall, the Paris Commune was PEOPLE driven. The people would govern and the govt would serve to help the people. 

 

The Prussian military and the new Republican govt surround the city. Many starve. Finally, a few months after the end of the Fracno prussia war the army is sent it to BREAK the commune. Lots of communards executed. Communards will retaliate by executing prisoners, too. Many on the LEFT political see the Paris commune as the FIRST successful(albeit super temporary) proletarian revolution. Conservatives hated it seeing it as revolutionary activity which will reaffirm their goal of stopping the people. 

 

THIRD republic born in 1871. ******* It starts off super conservative, gradually moves to the center, and then by 1899 it becomes radical. ****People in France, especially conservatives, will maintain the idea that Alsace Lorraine had been stolen by Germany. This idea will be a rallying cry for revenge against Germany

One misconception of Marx is that it was ANTI democratic. That’s not entirely true. What you get is universal suffrage, genderless society, NO concept of the “the nation” just the people. Of course we remember Marx’s view on parliaments; he said “they were instruments of the bourgeoisie” since before any proletariat revolution ONLY those w land, wealth, could vote; “bourgeoisie.” SO!!!! DESTROY the parliament, VIOLENT overthrow! Once this happens…..CO-OPERATION Vs. COMPETITION!!!!!!!!

 

ITALY! The dream is achieved! For almost 2k years, “Italy” was nothing more than a collection of different city state, a couple kingdoms, a republic, etc. There was NO Italy. The ideas FOR an Italy really begin to start again during the Renaissance. Guys like Bocaccio(the Decameron) Dante Alghieri (divine comedy---which’ll be written in Tuscan “italian” and serve as basis for n. Italian Italian!) and Machiavelli in the Prince called for a dude to emerge to unite “Italy” into one strong state. As you all know, the spread of nationalism from the Napoleonic wars will reawaken this feeling BUT it had been around since the Renaissance. 1848? It ultimately fails. 

1870-1 Franco Prussian War (DO YOUR READING!) also...what you have here is Napoleon III who was a protector of the Pope in Rome forced to move his troops protecting the Pope in Rome from Italy MOVE his troops to fight the Prussian. Nap III soldiers GONE, Italy swoops in. Rome now part of Italy! The Pope, no longer is charge is NOW only the boss(besides being the leader of the worlds' catholics) in charge of St. Peter's basilica and some of the land around it; the Vatican! Pope Pius IX is furious. This will lead to real friction between the Pope and the Kingdom of Italy(constitutional monarchy!!!) for decades. You'll have liberal reforms including separation of church and state FOR decades until the 1920;s. More later. 

“Germany” COULD have happened in 1848. The Frankfurt assembly, which called for LIBERAL reforms at the expense of the conservative class/junkers was all set to allow the King of Prussia to lead a “Germany” as a constitutional Monarchy. Remember, in the 19^thcentury, the idea of a constitutional monarchy was quite liberal. You’d have a parliament, which’d give the PEOPLE a voice and an executive to ensure the people’s voice in parliament was respected (the king). Fredrick Wilhelm IV said “NO WAY.” I won’t take my crown from the gutter! He WOULD, however, accept the crown if elected by the various German Princes…basically, this guy wanted to reinstate the HRE w Prussia at the head. “Thanks but no thanks.” That’d be in like 1849. Ultimately, there WILL be a Parliament in Prussia. Only a small handful of men could vote. Those who paid the most in taxes; the King could also appoint peope to positions(doesn’t matter but I just wanted to let you know.) The PEOPLE don’t make kings Kings…God (divine right) and OTHER kings do(being elected by fellow “german” princes.) A german nation will not be made by the people, or by parliaments, or constitutions” it’ll be made from Blood and IRON! War will unite Germany. Wilhelm I(he was king of PRUSSIA!!) will be the first Emperor, “Kaiser” of the German Empire or “2^nd Reich.” (1871)He is NOT crowned by the people, but by the ARMY, the Junkers, the Nobility. There is a great painting of this coronation which takes place at the Palace of Versailles(think who lived there and had it built!!! This was a message, a symbol)

The Kaiser will rely on the Chancellor to run day to day stuff. The Chancellor answers to one dude, the KAISER!  You do have a parliament created but it really has little power. Germany is created based on Prussian values, military and the Junker class. The Junkers are the nobility, Bismarck was a Junker. Remember, the noblitly are from the countryside. They rule the land and are more than happy w the ideas of tradition, privilege, and conservativism!!) The urban centers will have a really small voice. The German Empire has lots of catching up to do and will have England, the most powerful country in the world on their radar 

From 1848 til really the end of class no man's influence is arguably greater to our class discussion, economic development, revolution, etc than that of German born Karl Marx. Marx is NOT ethnically German; he is Jewish. I make this comment for you to understand that the man who will design the themes behind radical socialism and then ultimately communism is NOT German but Jewish. These will be important themes with where we're going. He thought the Utopian socialists like Saint Simone and Fourier and thought there critique on capitalism was good but JUST NOT clear enough. It was "scientific" enough for him. He will adopt the posture of "scientific socialism." Science and research (more than the technocracy of saint simone) will be driving force in Marx's writings. Marx studied the idea of Hegel (another german writer) who wrote of history as ever evolving. The Historical dialectic that Marx talks about in his Communist Manifesto(co written w friedrich engels) say the NATURAL evolution of society things is that new overthrow the old. He starts his diabetic by looking at and addressing the french rev> Just as the bourgeoisie realize their CLASS and work to develop capitalism, overthrow the old regime and feudalism, a NEW class will ultimately emerge to overthrow them; that of the proletariat. The industrial revolution created the proletariat. Unrestrained capitalism/laissez capitalism created it. It created the terrible working conditions, the poor pay, the miserable lives. Commericalism had the bourgeoisie to power(govt, parliaments, etc) which help further develop the industrial revolution which helped create a growing "proletariat" class. "By creating the proletariat, the bourgeoisie had sown the seeds of it's own demise." Socialism would replace capitalism when the proletariat took over. how would they take over? VIOLENT REVOLUTION. OVERTHROW govts, parliament. To guys like Marx and his followers, Parliaments and elected political bodies were tools of the bourgeoisie. Why? Cuz the bourgeoisie elected t hem!!! Remember, the franchise was only offered to a select few.NOT the wretched poor, the battered worker, the proletariat. There was no way to negotiate w them because they did not represent the people; they represented bourgeoisie. W the proletariat, the STATE 

"The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains"! Marx---in reference to revolution. The communist STATE would own the means of the production. The individual would not own the means of production (laissez faire, capitalism) the state would provide services and protection. ******** marx saw the June Days in France(1830 revolutions, ...you know..."To the barricades!!!") as a dress rehearsal for the proletarian struggle against the bourgeoisie. Remember, it failed and Louis Philippe is installed as King of the French. He's bourgeoise in all things. 

 

CONTRARY to this you have Proudon's ANARCHY! They say "the state?"  We HATE The state!!!!!! DESTROy IT!!! Marx believed "anarchism was utopian socialism, it was not scientific. BOTH will emerge as Revoutionary ideas which spring from the economic and social inequalities of industrial rev.

 

KNOW these themes for your LEQ
Themes relating to the congress of vienna and conservatism, themes on nationalism, Romanticism throughout Europe, Napoleon (beginning, middle and end) what do you know?, Bourbon restoration ending in 1830 w louise philippe

NOstalgia? A longing for the past? For many, this was the case. The world of the enlightenment brought change very quickly and unleashed the French rev THEN the napoloeonic wars. For some, it was like "thanks, but NO thanks." For folks (volk) is "Germany" the war united them against a common enemy, Napoleon. The idea of a national spirit, or "volkgeist" emerges in "Germany." This same idea of a national spirit will emerge in "Italy" too. Remember, the USA is older than both germany and italy; the latter two are relatively new. Their culture however, is very old. The rationalism of the Enlightenment AND the Revolution in France AND the attempt to spread it was too much for some. These "rational" or scientific based on ideas on the world believed that certain laws could be applied to all and that ALL would accept them; many, especially in "germany" did not accept this. **In "germany" a return to a traditional lifestyle that came before Nap and his wars/reforms was better. Something familiar, something easier. Nationalism in France was rooted in creating a NATION based on the principles SELF GOVERNMENT and NO king. Both seek to "Unite the people" We'll see elements of Romanticism and nationalism be BOTH Rightwing AND Leftwing. Remember, change focuses on the left. The Status quo, the RIGHT. 

We have been talking about the terrible nature of anti semitism since the beginning of the year. Jews had been welcomed and flourished in Moorish controlled Spain. However, after the Reconquista and Unification of Spain, the Jews were no longer welcome. This will be the case throughout Europe. The Italian States, Poland, Hapsburb and then Bourbon Spain, and Eastern Europe. These conservative countries (remember, conservative, traditional, monarchial, catholic or Eastern Orthodox) supported the concept of a state run church and no religious tolerations. Jews were allowed to live in these countries BUT were forced to live in what will be referred to as Ghettos. Jews could only live and typically work w/in the ghetto walls. These Jewish communities provided an element of protection for jews BUT it will limit their ability to become fully enmeshed with the country in which they live in; generally, these countries were kingdoms. Napoleon was different. As a dude of who came about during the French Revolution he held true to the ideas of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Rev's promotion of religious tolerance. Just as Napoleon would spread the Napoleonic code to conservative countries he defeated, he ELMINATED the laws restricting the rights of Jews and allowed them to live and work outside of the Ghettos in which they were confined.  He wanted Jews to become equals tot he citizens of the country; and to the countries that he was defeating (remember, basically all of Euorpe was conservative at this point until he comes around and changes things.) Whether or not Napoleon did this to promote the ideas of egalitarianism or not, it would certainly fit into the argument of a man of the enlightenment. BUT!! If we wanted to include Machiavelli into the picture we would look at a few simple facts. Napoleon promoted religious tolerance in france. While there was NO official religion(the Concordat w the Church only made Cahtolicism the majority faith) he said Catholicism, Judaism, and other Protestant Sects had full equally. Perhaps he did this to engender the support of those who had typically been oppressed in France w the hope of creating allies in case of a renewed reactionary forces against his rule?  Who know?  On paper, Napoleon wanted jews to become equals in society, to become citizens of the french republic, therefore NATION. Jewish men will serve the state AND in the military. It will be a Jewish officer (synthesis!) named Albert Dreyfuss later in the year who is the victim of anti semistism in France. A conservative France. 

 

****All in all, when the conservative forces ultimately defeat Napoelon, they will reverse the integration of Jews into society and once again force Jews to live in Ghettos. It won't be 'til the end of the 19th century when the Emancipation of the Jews will become more and more apparent throughout Europe. 

 

4 extra credit points to the 4 BEST responses by 3pm TODAY, Dec 28th. Respond "How was Napoleon's approach to the Jews an example of Enlightenment principles? Explain why the conservative forces who dominated Europe would HATE Napoleon, his Code, his reforms. WHY would the peoples he conquered embrace his ideas BUT hate the man?" GO.